Achieving Sustainable Design with Automated Parking Don Monahan

Achieving Sustainable Design with Automated Parking Don Monahan Vice President Walker Parking Consultants

Presentation Outline • Case study illustrating construction cost comparison for automated parking vs. a rampaccess, underground parking structure. • LEED credits for an automated parking structure vs. a ramp-access parking structure. • Building code issues with automated parking facilities.

Site Plan

Ramp-Access Design Isometric

Ramp-Access Design Level B 1

Ramp-Access Design Level B 2 & B 3

Ramp-Access Design Level B 4

Ramp-Access Design Car & Floor Area Tabulation LEVE L STALL S AREA (SQ. FT. ) EFFICIENC Y (SF/STALL) B 1 75 34, 150 455 B 2 96 37, 150 387 B 3 96 37, 150 387 B 4 79 30, 318 384 TOTA L 346 138, 768 401

Automated Parking – Level B 1 Stairs & Elevators Retrieval Lane Waiting Area L 1 L 2 L 3 L 4 L 6 L 7 L 8 L 9 Entry & Exit Ramp L 5 Retrieval Lane 90 High Bay Spaces

Automated Parking Option - Level B 2/B 3 These spaces may need to be sacrificed depending on how the elevators and stairs can be supported above. Retrieval Lane 168 Spaces Per Level

Automated Parking Car & Floor Area Tabulation LEVE STALL L S AREA (SQ. FT. ) EFFICIENC Y (SF/STALL) B 1 90 34, 150 379 B 2 168 37, 150 221 B 3 88 19, 448 221 TOTA L 346 90, 748 262 Comments: • Added 80 stalls compared to ramp-access design (23% increase). • Eliminated an entire basement level (30, 318 sf less floor area or 22% decrease). • Parking efficiency improved 36%.

Automated Parking Section Required above lifts 1’ 6” Required in retrieval aisle System Height Note: Depth below grade reduced by 13’-2”

Automated Parking Option

Automated Parking Capacity and Height System Level Structure Depth Vehicle Clearance Total Height Parking Spaces 1 3’ 0” 7’ 0” 10’ 0” 90 2 9” 6’ 8” 7’ 5” 168 3 9” 5’ 6” 6’ 3” 168 Total 4’ 6” 19’ 2” 23’ 8” 426

Construction Cost Comparison • Delete lowest basement level – 48, 020 sf X $125 per sf = $6, 002, 500 • Automated Parking System Cost – $19, 500 per space X 426 sp = $8, 307, 000 • Net Additional Cost = $2, 304, 500

Volume Comparison Ramp-Access Garage Automated Garage Leve l Area SF Height FT Volume CF B 1 34, 150 10 341, 500 B 1 34, 150 10’ 0” 341, 500 B 2 37, 150 10 371, 500 B 2 37, 150 7’ 5” 275, 529 B 3 37, 150 10 371, 500 B 3 19, 448 6’ 3” 121, 550 B 4 30, 318 10 303, 180 B 4 0 0 0 1, 387, 680 Total 738, 579 (53%)

Automated Parking Energy Use Task Low High Average Loading . 0169 Storage . 1228 . 4408 . 2818 Retrieval . 1228 . 4408 . 2818 Total . 2625 . 8984 . 5804 Cost Per Car Parked @ ¢. 11 cents/k. Wh ¢. 028 ¢. 098 ¢. 064

Vehicle Emissions Comparison – CO 2 Source: “The Garage of the Future must be Green” by Samuel I. Schwartz, National Parking Association, Parking magazine, March 2009

Vehicle Emissions Comparison – NO 2 Source: “The Garage of the Future must be Green” by Samuel I. Schwartz, National Parking Association, Parking magazine, March 2009

Vehicle Emissions Comparison – CO – Source: “The Garage of the Future must be Green” by Samuel I. Schwartz, National Parking Association, Parking magazine, March 2009

Vehicle Emissions Comparison - VOC Source: “The Garage of the Future must be Green” by Samuel I. Schwartz, National Parking Association, Parking magazine, March 2009

Energy Consumption Source: “The Garage of the Future must be Green” by Samuel I. Schwartz, National Parking Association, Parking magazine, March 2009

LEED V 2. 2 Analysis – Sustainable Site Item Description Points Avail. Automated Garage Ramp Garage Prereq 1 Construction Pollution Prevention 1 1 1 Credit 1 Avoid building on or near protected land 1 1 1 Credit 2 Two story development density 1 1 0 Credit 3 Remediate and build on Brownfield site 1 0 0 Credit 4. 1 Public Transportation Access 1 1 1 Credit 4. 2 Bicycle storage/changing rooms (5%) 1 1 1 Credit 4. 3 Prefer. parking for fuel-efficient vehicles (5%) 1 1 1 Credit 4. 4 Minimize capacity/preferential carpool parking 1 1 1 Credit 5. 1 Protect or restore habitat 1 0 0 Credit 5. 2 Maximize open space > garage footprint 1 0 0 Credit 6. 1 Post stormwater ≤ Prior stormwater 1 1 1 Credit 6. 2 Capture and treat stormwater 1 1 1 Credit 7. 1 Cover 50% of parking spaces 1 1 1 Credit 7. 2 Roofing Solar Reflectance Index ≥ 78 1 1 1 Credit 8 Light pollution reduction 1 1 1 Sub. Total 14 12 11

LEED V 2. 2 Analysis – Water Efficiency Item Description Points Avail. Automated Garage Ramp Garage Credit 1. 1 Reduce irrigation by 50% from baseline 1 1 1 Credit 1. 2 No potable water use or no irrigation for landscape 1 1 1 Credit 2 Reduce building sewage effluent by 50% 1 0 0 Credit 3. 1 Reduce water use by 20% from baseline 1 0 0 Credit 3. 2 Reduce water use by 30% from baseline 1 0 0 Sub. Total 5 2 2

LEED V 2. 2 Analysis – Energy & Atmosphere Item Description Points Avail. Automated Garage Ramp Garage Prereq 1 Performance verification of building energy systems 1 1 1 Prereq 2 Energy systems ≤ ASHRAE 90. 1 -2004 limits 1 1 1 Prereq 3 Zero use of CFC-based refrigerants 1 1 1 Credit 1 Optimize Energy Performance <<< ASHRAE 90. 1 10 10 6 Credit 2 On-site renewable energy (i. e. solar or wind) 3 3 3 Credit 3 Enhanced commissioning of energy systems 1 1 1 Credit 4 Minimize ozone depletion & global warming 1 1 1 Credit 5 Measurement/verification plan to evaluating energy system performance 1 1 1 Credit 6 Green Power (35% of electricity for 2 yrs) 1 1 1 Sub. Total 20 20 16

LEED V 2. 2 Analysis – Materials & Resources Item Description Points Avail. Automated Garage Ramp Garage Prereq 1 Storage & collection of recyclables 1 1 1 Credit 1. 1 75% existing building structure re-use 1 0 0 Credit 1. 2 100% of existing building structure re-use 1 0 0 Credit 1. 3 Maintain 50% of interior Non-structural elements 1 0 0 Credit 2. 1 Recycle or salvage 50% of demolition debris 1 1 1 Credit 2. 2 Recycle or salvage 75% of demolition debris 1 1 1 Credit 3. 1 Re-use 5% of material value with salvaged demolition debris 1 0 0 Credit 3. 2 Re-use 10% of material value with salvaged demolition debris 1 0 0 Credit 4. 1 Use recycled content ≥ 10% of material value 1 1 1 Credit 4. 2 Use recycled content ≥ 20% of material value 1 0 0 Credit 5. 1 Manufacture 10% of materials within 500 miles 1 1 1 Credit 5. 2 Manufacture 20% of materials within 500 miles 1 1 1 Credit 6 Use 10% more materials than 5. 1 extracted, recovered or harvested within 500 miles 1 0 0 Credit 7 Certified wood ≥ 2. 5% of value of all materials 1 0 0 Sub. Total 14 6 6

LEED V 2. 2 Analysis – Indoor Environment Item Description Points Avail. Automated Garage Ramp Garage Prereq 1 Meet ASHRAE 62. 1 -2004 indoor air ventilation reqmts 1 0 0 Prereq 2 Minimize environmental tobacco smoke exposure 1 1 1 Credit 1 Monitor ventilation system performance 1 1 0 Credit 2 Provide additional outdoor air ventilation 1 1 0 Credit 3. 1 Implement indoor air quality plan during construction 1 1 0 Credit 3. 2 Implement indoor air quality plan before occupancy 1 1 0 Credit 4. 1 All adhesives and sealants shall comply with SCAQMD 1 1 1 Credit 4. 2 Do not exceed VOC limits by SCAQMD for paint & coatinngs 1 1 1 Credit 4. 3 All carpet should be Carpet & Rug Institutes green label 1 0 0 Credit 4. 4 Wood products shall contain no added urea-formaldehyde resins 1 0 0 Credit 5 Minimize exposure to hazardous particulates & chemicals 1 1 0 Credit 6. 1 Provide lighting system controllability by users 1 1 0 Credit 6. 2 Provide thermal comfort controllability by users 1 1 0 Credit 7. 1 HVAC systems & building envelope per ASHRAE 55 -2004 1 1 0 Credit 7. 2 Implement a thermal comfort survey within 6 to 18 months 1 1 0 Credit 8. 1 Provide daylight & views to 75% of occupied areas 1 0 0 Credit 8. 2 Provide daylight & views to 90% of occupied areas 1 0 0 Sub. Total 15 12 3

LEED V 2. 2 Analysis – Design Innovation Item Description Points Avail. Automated Garage Ramp Garage Credit 1. 1 Low mercury lighting* 1 1 1 Credit 1. 2 Management plan for car pooling/bus transit* 1 0 1 Credit 1. 3 Hybrid Zipcar on site for employee use* 1 0 0 Credit 1. 4 Use non-hydraulic, energy-efficient elevators* 1 1 1 Credit 1. x Install snow melting system/eliminate de-icers* 1 0 0 Credit 2 Use LEED Accredited professional 1 1 1 Sub. Total 6 3 4 Project Totals 69 55 42 * - Previously accepted Innovation in Design Credits

LEED Certification Levels • Certified 26 -32 points • Silver 33 -38 points • Gold 39 -51 points • Platinum 52 -69 points • Conventional Garage = LEED Gold • Automated Garage = LEED Platinum Note: Stand-alone parking garages cannot be LEED certified, however, they can contribute points toward any occupied space on the same site.

Building Code Issues for Automated Parking Facilities • Use & Occupancy Classification • Access • Fire Protection • Ventilation

Use & Occupancy Classification • Group S-2 Occupancy Classification for low hazard (noncombustible) storage. • Section 406. 2 of International Building Code (IBC) applies to storage of motor vehicles. Doesn’t adequately address the special case of automated rack storage of automobiles in an unoccupied storage vault. • Section 413 of IBC indicates high-piled stock or rack storage in any occupancy group shall comply with Chapter 23 of the International Fire Code (IFC). • Storage of motor vehicles is classified as a Class I commodity.

Access • Section 406. 3. 8 of IBC indicates “Where no persons other than parking attendants are permitted, there shall not be less than two 36 -inch wide exit stairways”. • Chapter 23 of IFC requires a minimum of one access door in each 100 lineal feet of the exterior wall that faces the fire department access road. • 24 -inch wide aisles required for fire department access (i. e. ladders and catwalks).

Fire Protection • High piled storage area greater than 2500 sf requires • • automatic fire extinguishing system. Maximum pile dimension equals 100 feet (between aisles). Maximum storage height equals 40 feet. Maximum pile volume equals 400, 000 cubic feet. Type of construction: TABLE 503 (partial). ALLOWABLE HEIGHT AND BUILDING AREAS Group Type of Construction Fire Rating Type 1 AThree Hour Type 1 BTwo Hour Type IIAOne Hour Type IIBNon-rated S-2 Stories Unlimited 11 5 4 Allowable Area Unlimited 79, 000 39, 000 26, 000

Ventilation • Smoke venting at ceiling required. • No ventilation of vehicle emissions required. • Ventilation rate of 0. 05 cfm per sf of floor area required (1/15 of airflow required for dispersing vehicle emissions).

Summary • Automated Parking Garages provide equivalent capacity to a conventional, ramp-access garage in approximately half the volume. • Automated Parking Garages pollute far less than conventional, ramp-access garages. • Automated Parking Garages provide more LEED certification points than conventional, ramp-access garages. • Automated Parking Garages should be designed as high- piled, rack storage facilities in accordance with the provisions of Chapter 23 of the IFC for Class I commodities.