ACCULTURATION John Wesley Powell 1880 1883 Acculturation psychological

ACCULTURATION

John Wesley Powell 1880 1883 �Acculturation – psychological changes induced by cross-cultural imitation. ACCULTURATION

�Acculturation comprehends those phenomena which result when groups of individuals having different cultures come into continuous first-hand contact, with subsequent changes in the original culture patterns of either or both groups Redfield, Herskovits, 1936: 149. �The acculturation process, process therefore, is an interactive and continuous process that evolves in and through the communication of an immigrant with the new sociocultural environment. The acquired communication competence, in turn, reflects the degree of that immigrant’s acculturation Kim, 1982: 380. ACCULTURATION

ACCULTURATION

�Assimilation is Assimilation a type of acculturation when an individual accepts values and norms of a new culture rejecting all his/her values and norms. �Separation is rejection of a new culture with preserving Separation one’s cultural identity. �Marginalization means loss of one’s cultural identity, on Marginalization the one hand, and absence of identification from the majority, on the other hand. �Integration presupposes identification both with a new Integration and with an old cultures. FORMS OF ACCULTURATION

cognitive COMMUNICATION affective behavioral ACCULTURATION

Tourist Survivor Immigrant Citizen new culture is almost totally inaccessible functional understanding of the culture reached by most literate people who spend an extended period of time working and living in a foreign country almost at the level of the native speaker ACCULTURATION STAGES

�an experience a person may have when one moves to a cultural environment which is different from one's own; �personal disorientation a person may feel when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life due to immigration or a visit to a new country, a move between social environments, or simply transition to another type of life. CULTURE SHOCK

Sverre Lysgaard, 1955

CULTURE SHOCK

CULTURE SHOCK

CULTURE SHOCK

CULTURE SHOCK

CULTURE SHOCK

CULTURE SHOCK

"honeymoon" honeymoon disintegration (acculturation stress) reintegration autonomy interdependence period of excitement and euphoria over the newness of the surroundings; individual feels the intrusion of more and more cultural differences into his/her own image of self and security; individual relies on and seeks out the support of his/her fellow countrymen in the second culture; is critical, as acculturation stress reaches its peak; may lead to somatic and psychic disorders; a part of migrants give in and return home; one of gradual, and at first tentative recovery: some problems of acculturation are solved while other problems continue for some time; a person begins to accept the differences in thinking and feeling that surround him/her; near or complete recovery, either assimilation or integration, acceptance of the new culture and self-confidence in the "new" person that has developed in this culture. The process of adaptation may last from several months up to four or five years. CULTURE SHOCK STAGES

CULTURE SHOCK

CULTURE SHOCK

� Low mood � Headaches or stomachaches � Rapid mood swings � Anxiety � Withdrawal � Inability to focus � Depression and sadness � Hyper-irritability, may include inappropriate anger and hostility � Sleep and eating disturbances (too little or too much) � Extreme homesickness � Feelings of helplessness/dependency � Excessive critical reactions to host culture/stereotyping PHYSIOLOGICAL SYMPTOMS

CULTURE SHOCK

CULTURE SHOCK

CULTURE SHOCK

CULTURE SHOCK