Accessory Organs Accessory Organs Not part of the

Accessory Organs

Accessory Organs §Not part of the digestive tract §BUT they are necessary.

LIVER §First organ to receive blood after digestion.

LIVER § Functions: (6) § 1. Produces and secretes bile (Stored in the gall bladder)

LIVER § 2. Breakdown blood cells and hemoglobin.

LIVER § 3. Produces uria from nitrogen breakdown.

LIVER § 4. Makes many proteins and enzymes.

LIVER § 5. Removes poison from blood. (Filtering system).

LIVER § 6. Glucose homeostasis – maintaining blood sugar level.

DISORDERS § Jaundice: Yellow skin § Yellow eyes § Cuticles are yellow § Liver isn’t functioning

§ Bilirubin is a byproduct of the normal breakdown of red blood cells. The liver processes bilirubin so that it can be excreted by the body as waste. At birth, a baby's liver is still developing its ability to process bilirubin. Therefore, bilirubin levels are a little high at birth and jaundice is present to some degree in almost all newborns. This form of jaundice usually appears between day 2 and 5 and clears by 2 weeks. It usually causes no problems.

PHOTOTHERAPY

DISORDERS §Gallstones: Small deposits of fat §Hard, not a problem until duct is blocked

§ Bile contains water, cholesterol, fats, bile salts, proteins, and bilirubin. Bile salts break up fat, and bilirubin gives bile and stool a yellowish color. If the liquid bile contains too much cholesterol, bile salts, or bilirubin, under certain conditions it can harden into stones.

§ Can your diet influence gallstones? § YES § Other causes: § Obesity, estrogen, ethnicity, gender, age, diabetes, fasting, rapid weight loss… All of which increase cholesterol levels in bile.

Disorders § Hepatitis: Inflammation of liver caused by viruses and/or bacteria. Six recognized types (A, B, C, D, E, G.

§ Hepatitis A: transmitted by contaminated food/water § Hepatitis B: transmitted by blood, needles, sexual relations (body fluids) § Hepatitis C: (cause found in 1989) Sexually transmitted, when chronic very dangerous.

Hepatitis B

Hepatitis B This woman is not pregnant. She has hepatitis B and is suffering from liver cancer. Photo taken in a Thailand refugee camp. This woman was a Cambodian refugee. She died four months after she arrived in the camp (average life expectancy after diagnosis of liver cancer is four months. )

Disorders §Cirrhosis: Tissue in the liver is replaced with fat or scar tissue caused by alcohol.

Clubbing results from chronic low bloodoxygen levels. The tips of the fingers enlarge and the nails become extremely curved from front to back.