Accelerations and the evolution of acceleration Bas Kooijmanvu

Accelerations and the evolution of acceleration Bas. Kooijman@vu. nl Brest, 2019/04/1 -12 https: //deb 2019. sciencesconf. org

Contents 1. What is acceleration? 2. 5 types of acceleration 3. Examples 2019

Metabolic acceleration 2019 Def: long-term increase of respiration relative to standard DEB expectation Types of acceleration • R: maturation • X: food (diet) • A: assimilation • M: morph • T: temperature Short-term increase in respiration (no metabolic acceleration) • heat increment of feeding • boosts of activity • migration • pregnancy/ lactation

Standard DEB model: growth Rhizoprionodon acutus milk shark 2019

Crocodylus johnstoni, Data: Whitehead 1987 weight, g embryo yolk time, d O 2 consumption, ml/h Standard DEB model: respiration time, d (Post) embryonic respiration = a L 2 + b L 3

Type R acceleration 2019 Change in allocation to boost maturation • Increase in respiration • Decrease in growth • Hit maturity threshold earlier at smaller size Mueller et al 2012, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A 163: 103 -110

Type R acceleration 2019 accel eration no yes development indirect Pseudophryne bibronii Crinia georgiana Geocrinia vitellina Crinia nimbus direct

Type R acceleration Crinia georgiana hatch birth metam birth max dry weight 500 mg hatch 2019 Mueller et al 2012, Comp. Physiol. Biochem. A, 163: 103 -110 12 °C Pseudophryne bibronii metam hatch birth max dry weight 200 mg hatch birth age, d

Type X acceleration Def: increase of food intake during ontogeny, but no change in potential food intake Known examples concern change in food type 2019

Type X acceleration Caenorhabditis elegans Perca fluviatilis Byerly et al 1976 Developmental Biol. 51: 23 -33. Persson et al 2004 Ecol. Mon. 74: 135– 157 organic compounds → bacteria zooplankton → fish 2019

Type A acceleration Def: increase of potential food intake during ontogeny, but no change in mobilisation Known examples concern sex dimorphy Increase in reserve capacity 2019

Type A acceleration Doryteuthis pealei longfin inshore squid 2019 Mirounga leonina southern elephant seal

Type M acceleration 2019 Def: increase of potential food intake during ontogeny, combined with increase in potential mobilisation Increase of specific assimilation {p. Am} and energy conductance v with length from birth to metamorphosis No change in reserve capacity One-parameter extension of standard DEB model: maturity level at metamorphosis Applies to all species with morphological metamorphosis, but also to some taxa without

metam 2019 scaled length birth Type M acceleration scaled time Gompertz expo-von Bertalanffy

Type M acceleration scaled length scaled functional response f 1 0. 8 0. 6 scaled time 2019

Nematoda Tardigrada Rotifera Pl Enthognatha Gastrotricha oa ozoa Anthocephala yz Ecdys at Crustacea 2 Platyhelminthes Arachnida Insecta Sp Chaetognatha Ra Cnidaria Porifera De 5 10 Annelida ozo a Mollusca ute r Amphibia os Mixini tom ia Sarcopterygii Cephalaspidorphi 1 2 och Echinodermata Leptocardii ta dia ate l i B Tunicata ria Bryozoa hotr a mi to s oto r P Ctenophora lia ira Lop Chondrichthyes Mammal Aves Reptilia Actinopterygii

Type M acceleration 2019 max min Relative growth is independent of acceleration at birth, but accelerating species generally grow faster at

Type T acceleration Def: increase of all rates due to ontogenetic increase in body temperature of endotherms Mostly confined to birds. Embryos are ectothermic Neonate heating capacity not sufficient to maintain target temperature 2019