Academic Writing Rules Benchmarking is better than starting

Academic Writing Rules • Benchmarking is better than starting from scratch! • Start from reading good articles • Invest time to write • Research & test your hypothetical questions and methodology

Part 1: Important Grammar Rules for your Academic Paper 논문 핵심 문법

Articles (관사) 1. 셀 수 있는 단수 명사: 이미 언급된 것에는 the 처음 나온 것에는 a(an) • By the method explained before, we… • We explain a method to obtain… • In a previous paper, we have shown… • Force f(t) is the function defined by Eq. (1). 2. 셀 수 있는 복수는 일반적으로 무관사 • ____ Data by Noyori shows… • We adopted this method. The results are. . • He found ____ gold. • ____ New machinery was installed

Articles (관사) 3. 그밖의 규칙 - Made by ____ annealing - A glass of water - ~is sold by the yard - For__ example - As a function of … (~의 함수로서) - The results are in good ___ agreement. - The x-axis is… - Make an angle X - ___Newton’s theory vs. The Newton theory - Rotate at the speed of 100 rpm [매분 100회전의 속도] at a speed lower than 100 rpm - In __ Appendix 1 - In __ Eq. (2), the length… - By the perturbation method - The University of New York vs. Cambridge University - ___ UNESCO - Let us consider the example of a distance of 5 cm (5 cm으로 했을 때의 예) - ___ Diagnosis of Machinery = On a Diagnosis of Machinery - Go to ___ university

Verbs (동사) • 논문, 책, 국명등은 단수형으로 취급 ▫ “Robot Hands and the Mechanics of Manipulation” was written in 2000. ▫ Electric circuits by Prof. Smith is used as our textbook. ▫ The Netherlands has an advanced welfare system. • 존재구문 ▫ There is some evidence that supports this theory. ▫ Recently there have been a number of investigations into…

주어 동사의 일치 • One of the (복수) is (단수) • A as well as/ in addition to/ along with/ together with B: A와 일치 ▫ The payload as well as the robot links was taken into consideration. • Not only A but also B: B와 일치 ▫ Not only the robot links but also the payload was considered. • Either A or B: B와 일치 ▫ A regulated power source or two AA-size batteries are required. • Neither A nor B: B와 일치 ▫ Neither the acoustic sensors nor the CCD camera was able to find the obstacle.

Tense (시제) • 진행형이 되지 않는 예 ▫ ▫ ▫ Figure 1 depicts… Table 2 shows the results of our experiments. The system consists of a shaft and two disks. Analysis is performed to examine… In this paper, numerical Floquet Theory is used to explore…

Tense (시제) • 과거형과 현재완료형 가려쓰기 ▫ Many researchers have employed… ▫ Previous research has found that… ▫ Flexible rotor-bearing systems have been analyzed by different mathematical methods. ▫ A finite element model has been developed for… ▫ The equation of motion for the element is presented… ▫ Furthermore, it is observed that…

Passive Sentences (수동문) • In this paper, the Krylov-Bogoliubov method is used… • Flexible rotor-bearing systems have been analyzed by different methods. • Amplitude P versus the shaft speed is examined. • The equations are obtained… • It is found that…

comma • A robot work cell is not so well defined, and the programmer must ~ • Because robots manipulate physical objects, the programs controlling the robot must ~ • Before moving on to the next instruction, a case study should be examined ~ • For example, • Thus, • The first movie involving robots, Metropolis, was released in Germany. • Robotics is the discipline involving the design, manufacture control, and programming robots.

Semi colons & colons • In this conference, we have many guests as follows: representatives from Washington, USA; Paris, France; …; and Tokyo, Japan. • Nonviscosity refers to the absence of a turbulent viscosity in the model because this does not mean that the molecular viscosity has been removed from the governing equations. • … in the model; this does not mean… equations.

Semi colons & colons • In an environment with weak initial disturbances, the path to transition consists of three stages: i) receptivity, ii) linear eigenmode growth or transient growth, and iii) nonlinear breakdown to turbulence. • Consider the definition of turbulence proposed by Taylor in 1937: “Turbulence in an irregular motion…. ”

Spoken and Written English 게르만계 (구어체) 라틴계 (문어체) 의미 ask build buy dead enough give hide last live try rise say seem shrink way write inquire construct purchase deceased sufficient impart/ provide conceal final inhabit attempt ascend state appear reduce method describe 묻다 세우다 사다 사망한 충분한 주다 숨기다 최후의 살다 해보다 오르다 말하다 …같다 줄이다 방법 적다

Spoken and Written English 숙어(구어체) 한 단어 (문어체) a lot of much/many blow up explode break down collapse carry out conduct go down decrease/ lower go in enter go up increase/ rise keep going continue look for seek look into examine look up consult make out understand *stand 단축형은 is not) up 쓰지 않음 (isn’trise start again resume 의미 많은 폭발하다 부서지다 행하다 줄다/내리다 들어가다 늘다/오르다 계속하다 찾다 살피다 사전 등을 찾아보다 이해하다 일어서다 다시 시작하다

Spoken and Written English 장황한 표현 간결한 표현 a majority of a number of are of the same opinion As far as our own observations are concerned~ At the present moment completely filled definitely proved future plans goes under the name of In case in the near future It has been reported by Jones Large amounts of On the basis of Results so far achieved There can be little doubt that this is ~ most many, several, some agree We observed Now filled proved plans is called If soon Jones reported ~ much from, by, because Results so far, results to date This probably is…

Key writing skills • Place important key words (content words) in the front of your sentence structure ▫ All the 12 fixed-type collimators starting from 5 to 60 mm were used for the dose linearity study. ▫ With very high dose rates of the order of 1000 MU/min, it becomes difficult to deliver MUs less than 10.

Part 2: Rules for Technical Writing 기술논문 작성법

General Rules • 독창성 (originality) • 정확성 (accuracy) • 객관성 (objectivity) • 실증가능성 (verifiability) • 가독성 (readability) Be brief, write short sentences

기술논문 주의사항 • 비인칭 구조를 피하기 ▫ It would therefore seem that this effect… Seemingly, this effect… ▫ It would appear that this correlation is almost linear. Apparently, this correlation is almost linear.

기술논문 주의사항 • 특별한 이유없이 수동태를 남용하지 말기 ▫ It can be seen from this diagram that … This diagram shows that… ▫ It may be inferred from these experimental data that… One can infer from these experimental data that…

기술논문 주의사항 • There is/are의 시작문장 피하기 ▫ There are many people who believe that~ Many people believe that~ • 기술논문은 현재형으로 ▫ ▫ ▫ It has been shown in the previous section that… (X) Section 1 showed that… (X) It is shown in the previous section that… (O) Section 1 shows that… (O) The derivation of this equation will be given in Appendix A. (X) The derivation of this equation is given in Appendix A. (O) ▫ A new turbulence model has been proposed. ▫ Previous works have shown that… ▫ Previous works have shown that the interaction between particle is weak.

기술논문 주의사항 • 일인칭을 사용하지 않는다 ▫ I suggest the method…(X) ▫ I prove theorem…(X) ▫ You can see from this figure that… (X) This figure shows that… ▫ In this paper, we develop an experimental approach… ▫ We carry out these calculations under the following conditions. These calculations are carried out under the following conditions.

연결어구 (transition words) • 순서: first, second, next, then, finally, in the first place • 병렬, 열거: also, moreover, furthermore, in addition • 상반, 대비: however, nevertheless, on the other hand, in contrast, whereas, while • 비슷함: similarly, likewise, in the same fashion • 예: for example, for instance, to illustrate • 결과: thus, therefore, consequently, accordingly, as a result • 목적: to this end, for this purpose, with this object • 결론, 요약: in conclusion, in brief, to summarize, on the whole

Sample Correction

Part 3: Preparing Paper Publication 논문투고 준비하기

1. 투고편지 (cover letter, submission letter) Sample: April 20, 2012 Andy Bernard, MA, Ph. D Managing Editor Scandinavian University Press PO Box 3255, S-10365 Stockholm, Sweden Dear Dr. Bernard: We have recently obtained some data on topical nasal decongestants. The title of my manuscript is “Paranasal Sinusitis after Long-Term Use of Topical Nasal Decongestants. ” We are sending herewith an original manuscript and illustrations. The manuscript consists of 23 pages of texts, 2 tables and 3 figures. The paper has been written according to the guidelines provided by the Acta Oto-Laryngologica journal. I would appreciate very much if you could review it for publication in the Acta Oto-Laryngologica. The manuscript has never been published before nor is it under consideration for publication elsewhere. We thank you in advance for your consideration. Sincerely yours, Tae-ho Kim, M. D. Professor

2. 개정사항을 전하는 편지 RE: MS 1285 -02 Histologic structure of antrochoanal polyps Dear Dr. Bernard: We thank the editor and referees of the Oriental Medicine Journal for taking their time to review our article. We have made some corrections and clarifications in the manuscript after going over the referee’s comments. The changes are summarized below: 1. Referee's comment: In the abstract the parameters subepithelial thickening… Corrections: The parameters have been described specifically in terms of subepithelial thickening, eosinophilic infiltration and presence of submucous glands in both the abstract and the third paragraph of page 5. 2. Referee’s comment: The ACP group is clearly defined. The patient group… Corrections: The word “infectious polyps” has been changed into “non-allergic polyp” in the text and tables. . . We hope the revised manuscript will better meet the requirements of the Oriental Medicine Journal for publication. We thank you once again for the constructive review by the referees. Sincerely yours, Tae-ho Kim, M. D. Professor

3. 논문 원고 (manuscript) 형식 • 제목페이지: Title page • 초록: Abstract • 본문: Body of Text • 서론: Introduction • 연구재료 및 방법: Materials and Methods • 연구결과: Results • 고찰: Discussion • 결론: Conclusions, Summary of Comments • 감사의 글: Acknowledgement • 참고문헌: References • 도해 설명문: Legends for Figures • 표: Tables • 도해: Figures ** 학술지 마다 고유의 구조로 순서를 달리해야 하는 경우 도 있다.

Manuscript writing 1. Title page • • Avoid: “A Study of …” “Observations on…” Not too long (under 40 words max. ) Be clear and specific No acronyms, product names allowed No series title Important words come first Main title: subtitle (main title = general topic/ subtitle = specific topic)

1. Title page 논문제목 영어 예문 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. - 결과 (results, outcomes) Results of liver transplantation for gastroenteropancreatic tumor metastasis Long-term results in early cases of rheumatoid arthritis treated with cortisone 관련성 (relation, relationship, correlation, association) Relation of perioperative deaths to hospital volume among patients undergoing pancreatic resection for malignancy Correlation of clinical, biochemical and biopsy findings in liver cirrhosis 변화 (changes) Recent changes in antibiotic measures taken by dentists against infectious enducarditis 병명 Pancreatitis and the risk of pancreatic cancer Microsporidia infection in patients with the human immunodeficiency virus and unexplanined cholangitis 비교 (comparison, compared) Randomized comparison of surveillance intervals after colonoscopic removal of newly diagnosed adenomatous polyps 사용 (use) Use of multiple-drugs among adolescents who use anabolic steroids

1. Title page 7. 시험 (trial) - A clinical trial of a behavioral therapy to reduce urinary incontinence in nursing homes 8. 연구 (study, studies) - Population-based study of dementia in 86 -year olds - Studies on the mechanism of trimethoprim-induced hyperkalemia 9. 영향 (influence) - Influence of ACTH on serum electrolytes in nephrotic syndrome 10. 유효성 (efficacy) - Efficacy of aerosolized tobramycin in patients with cystic fibrosis 11. 문장 - Can the use of growth hormone reduce the postoperative fatigue syndrome?

1. Title page 12. 증례보고 A case of primary laryngeal T-cell lymphoma in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome 13. 처치 (management) Management of a solitary thyroid nodule 14. 치료 (treatment) Treatment of colonic and rectal adenomas with sulindac in familial adenomatous polyposis 15. 요법 (therapy) Radiotherapy after breast-preserving surgery in women with localized cancer of the breast 16. 효과 (effect, effects) Effect of early amniotomy on the risk of dystocia in nulliparous women

Gap

3. Introduction 1. 시제: 현재시제 (facts) 2. “The authors” or “We” Ex) - The authors tested the hypothesis that~ - To answer this question, we assessed… - Our first objective in these studies was… - The purpose of this study was to determine… 3. 반드시 필요한 경우가 아니라면 다른 연구자의 이름을 본문에서 언급하기 보다는 연구업적(결론)등만 언급하 고 이름은 참고문헌에서 참고하도록 4. 종속접속사(whether), 관계사(which, what, how) Ex) - We did experiment to determine whether - We used an experimental model to decide which material to use for~ 5. 질문의 나열을 번호로 연결하는 것은 피한다

4. 서론에서 자주 등장하는 표현 1. 사람중심 • Wilson and colleagues (2010) state that~ • Patients with severe apnea had surgery~ • We reasoned that~ 2. 문헌고찰내용에 관한 표현 (알려진 내용 기반) • It has been generally accepted/assumed that… ~로 받아들여져 왔다 /추정되어 왔다. • There is general consensus that… ~가 일치된 견해이다 • There is also controversy about… ~에 대하여 또한 논란이 있다 • It has been documented that … ~라는 것이 제시되어 왔다 • There has been considerable disagreement regarding/over…~에 대 해 상당한 이견이 있어왔다. • It is estimated that ~것으로 추정된다 • It is well established/known/understood that… ~라는 것은 잘 알려 진 사실이다. • There is evidence that… ~라는 증거가 있다.

4. 서론에서 자주 등장하는 표현 3. 실험(experiment), 연구(study, work), 보고 (report), 조사(survey, investigation) • More recent experiments… 더욱 최근의 실험 • Previous investigation have been limited by the lack of… 이전 조사들은 …가 없어 한계가 있었다. • Preliminary reports of… ~에 대한 예비 보고 • Numerous studies have observed… 여러 연구에서 ~가 관 찰되고 있다 • Recent surveys have attempted to… 최근의 조사들은 ~하 려고 시도되고 있다 • Histological works have failed to show that… 조직 학적 연구에서 ~하지는 못했다

5. 연구재료(materials) 및 연구방법(methods) * How to write? • 정확한 용어사용: measure, calculate, estimate, determine • 기술의 시점: 주어 자리에 사람 (we) 보다는 기술 을 사용, 따라서 수동형 문장을 사용 ▫ After 30 seconds, we programmed the new sample software. After 30 seconds, the new sample software was programmed. ** 한 문장 안에서 수동태, 능동태를 섞어 쓰는 것은 피한다

5. 연구재료(materials) 및 연구방법(methods) 측정단위: International system of units Exponent: sq m 2, cu m m 3 70 Ls 70 L Seventy-five milligrams of lidocaine was administered… [75 (x)] • hyphen: 형용사화 (a 10 -cm visual analogue scale) • Spacing: 숫자, 단어 사이 full space (140 mg, 75 m. L) 예외 (35%, 45º, 37. 5ºC, 2~8 g, 2%~8%) • •

6. 연구방법부분에서 자주 사용하는 영어 표현 1. 검사(test, evaluation, examination), 실험(trial), 연 구(study), 실험(experiment) 등을 주요 단어로 사용 • The test drug were allocated at random and were administered to the patients in ascending numerical order at each institution. 시험약물은 무작위로 할당되어 각 기관에서 번호순서로 환자에게 투여되었다. • The following parameters were recorded analyzed: … 다음과 같은 변수를 기록하고 분석하였다 • be assessed(평가하다)/ calculated(계산하다)/ categorized(분류되다)/ employed(사용하였다)/ tested( 평가하다)/ scored (점수로 매겼다)/ identified(확인하다 )/ determined (결정하다)/ monitored(추적하였다)

6. 연구방법부분에서 자주 사용하는 영어 표현 2. 임상진단, 진단기준, 진단기법, 연구기법 등에 관한 표현 • Computed tomography with rectal air insufflation was compared with transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) in 63 patients. 63명의 환자에게 직장공기주입 후 CT영상 과 경직장 초음파검사법을 비교하였다. • be considered(간주했다)/ defined(정의했다)/ diagnosed( 진단되다) • The diagnosis was considered certain when M. tuberculosis was isolated from our clinical specimen. 임 상표본으로부터 M. tuberculosis가 검출되면 진단이 확 실하다고 간주되었다. • All 35 patients underwent M-mode echocardiography by the use of a Hoffrel 201 ultrasonoscope. 시행하다

10. 고찰(discussion) 부분 영문표현 • • The first objective of this study was achieved because… 제 1의 연구목적은 성취되었다 In our analysis, A appeared to…우리의 분석에서 …하 는 것 같았다 These results are consistent with data, suggesting that… 이러한 결과는 ~자료와 일치한다 Experimental data corroborate the finding that… 실 험자료가 …라는 소견을 확증한다 The present study details… 이번 연구는 …를 상술한다 In accordance with previous studies, … 이전의 연구 와 일치하는 소견으로… We speculate that… ~로 추정된다 This is the first study that statistically evaluated… ~ 를 통계적으로 평가한 첫 번째 연구이다

Exercise: • Read through the sample journal article and benchmark consistency, dictions, mechanics, and writing expressions.