Academic Vocabulary 1 2 3 4 5 6

Academic Vocabulary 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Clause: group of words that contains a subject and a verb. Independent clause: expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence. Dependent clause: does not express a complete thought and cannot stand alone in a sentence. (also known as subordinate clause) Simple sentence: contains one independent clause and no dependent clauses. Compound sentence: contains two or more independent clauses and no dependent clauses. Use semicolon (; ) or comma plus FANBOY conjunction. Complex sentence: does not express a complete thought and cannot stand alone in a sentence. (also known as subordinate clause) Compound complex sentence: contains two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. Coordinate conjunction (FANBOYS): join independent clauses in a compound sentence (For, And, Nor, But, Yet, So) Subordinate conjunction: used in complex sentences (see slide 29 for complete list). Essential clause or phrase: provides necessary information about the noun in the sentence. It is not separated from the rest of the sentence by commas. Non-essential clause or phrase: adds additional information to a sentence. It uses commas to show that the information is additional. If omitted, readers will still understand the overall meaning of the sentence. Adjective clause: clause that plays the role of an adjective. It modifies a noun. Starts with the following: who, whom, which, that, whose 13. Noun Clause: clause that plays the role of a noun. They are the subject or object of a verb. Starts with the following: Who/whom, whose, which, that if, whether, what, when, where, how, why 14. Phrase: a collection of words that may have nouns or verbs, but it does not have a subject doing a verb.

Clause: group of words that contains a subject and a verb. EXAMPLE: Some students work in the homeless shelter because they care about helping others. This sentence has two clauses, each with a subject and a verb.

• Independent Clause: expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence. EXAMPLE Some students work in the homeless shelter. This clause can stand alone in a simple sentence, so it is independent!

Simple Sentence: contains one independent clause and no dependent clauses. EXAMPLES Shawn tutors. Benita teaches young children acrobatics after school.

Compound Sentence: contains two or more independent clauses and no dependent clauses. EXAMPLES Shawn tutors, and he helps students learn math. Some children have no toys; volunteers can collect toys for them.

PUNCTUATION The only two ways to join independent clauses to form a compound sentence are the following: Use a semicolon: The Giver is a popular novel; I can’t wait to read it. Use a comma and conjunction: The Giver is a popular novel, and I can’t wait to read it. Coordinate Conjunctions: FANBOYS (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)

What’s Wrong? 1. I will either buy a Honda Civic or I will buy a Toyota Corolla. 2. We got to the concert early; so we got really good seats. 3. Malls are a great way to shop, I find everything I need under one roof.

What’s Wrong? 1. I will either buy a Honda Civic, or I will buy a Toyota Corolla. 2. We got to the concert early, so we got really good seats. 3. Malls are a great way to shop; I find everything I need under one roof.

How would you punctuate the following sentences? 1. Mark was always late for period 1 it made his teacher furious. 2. I want to play in Friday’s game but I am failing two classes. 3. The are many movies made about World War II Saving Private Ryan is the best. HW 1: Write a compound sentence for every conjunction in the FANBOYS acronym.

Common mistake: don’t mistake a simple sentence with a compound predicate for a compound sentence. No punctuation should separate the parts of a compound predicate. EXAMPLE WRONG: The Newcomers’ Club wrote a clever script, and then filmed it. CORRECT: The Newcomers’ Club wrote a clever script and then filmed it.

Punctuation? Add if necessary 1. Greg shoveled the snow and his brother began a snow sculpture. 2. The boat nosed up to the dock our trip was finally over. 3. Tom and Gail quickly cut and stacked the firewood. 4. Several people listened but nobody volunteered. 5. Sheila calls it a dragonfly I call it a darning needle. 6. Did you and Lee walk or ride to your dance class? 7. Gina and Dave picked the wildflowers and we arranged them. 8. The clown made a face the child burst into laughter.

Punctuation? Add if necessary 1. Greg shoveled the snow, and his brother began a snow sculpture. 2. The boat nosed up to the dock; our trip was finally over. 3. Tom and Gail quickly cut and stacked the firewood. 4. Several people listened, but nobody volunteered. 5. Sheila calls it a dragonfly; I call it a darning needle. 6. Did you and Lee walk or ride to your dance class? 7. Gina and Dave picked the wildflowers, and we arranged them. 8. The clown made a face; the child burst into laughter.

Punctuation? Add if necessary. 9. Her mother went to the trade show but Doreen stayed home. 10. Wang and his brother looked at the problem and spotted the solution. 11. Mrs. Ballak may be in court or she may be in her office. 12. Snow fell winter was now upon us. 13. Kathy phoned this morning but our phone was out of order. 14. The radio crackled with static and then went out. 15. We could play a video game or we could go to Jim’s house. 16. Lou has been baking bread and Connie is making a big salad.

Punctuation? Add if necessary. 9. Her mother went to the trade show, but Doreen stayed home. 10. Wang and his brother looked at the problem and spotted the solution. 11. Mrs. Ballak may be in court, or she may be in her office. 12. Snow fell; winter was now upon us. 13. Kathy phoned this morning, but our phone was out of order. 14. The radio crackled with static and then went out. 15. We could play a video game, or we could go to Jim’s house. 16. Lou has been baking bread, and Connie is making a big salad.

How would you punctuate? Identify type: S or CD 1. Robins either find worms in the grass or the birds dig for them underground. 2. I love the fall weather the cooler air is refreshing. 3. I left my book bag on the field after practice and found it in the same spot the day after.

Homework 2: 1. Write four simple sentence that includes each of the following conjunctions: and, but Ex: I tried out for the basketball team but didn’t make it. Homework 3: 1. Write 2 compound sentences. 2. Write 2 simple sentences with compound predicates.

HW 4: Simple or compound sentences? 1. I would go with you but I am tired and just want to go to bed. _____ 2. He listened in class but he didn't take part in class discussions. _____ 3. My mom sets the alarm and wakes me in the morning. _____ 4. My family owned a farm and they used to raise livestock. _____ 5. The horse trotted and soon broke into a gallop. _____ 6. A beard covered his face and his eyes were bloodshot. _____ 7. I caught a tiny trout and we had it for supper. _____ 8. She didn't like me she even said so. _____

HW 4: Simple or compound sentences? 1. I would go with you, but I am tired and just want to go to bed. compound 2. He listened in class, but he didn't take part in class discussions. compound 3. My mom sets the alarm and wakes me in the morning. simple 4. My family owned a farm, and they used to raise livestock. compound 5. The horse trotted and soon broke into a gallop. simple 6. A beard covered his face, and his eyes were bloodshot. compound 7. I caught a tiny trout, and we had it for supper. compound 8. She didn't like me; she even said so. compound

HW 4: Simple or compound sentences? 9. The band played all night long and the crowd cheered even longer. _____ 10. The wolf pack stalked and killed an injured elk. _____ 11. My dad drives me to school and he also picks me up at three. _____ 12. The moon was full last night and there were many stars out too. _____ 13. Mexico is a great place to vacation and I can’t wait to go there. _____ 14. Mexico is a great place to snorkel and see Mayan ruins. _____ 15. I ate a huge piece of pie and drank a tall glass of milk too. _____

HW 4: Simple or compound sentences? 9. The band played all night long, and the crowd cheered even longer. compound 10. The wolf pack stalked and killed an injured elk. simple 11. My dad drives me to school , and he also picks me up at three. compound 12. The moon was full last night, and there were many stars out too. compound 13. Mexico is a great place to vacation, and I can’t wait to go there. compound 14. Mexico is a great place to snorkel and see Mayan ruins. simple 15. I ate a huge piece of pie and drank a tall glass of milk too. simple

Clause or not a clause? • • • I fell asleep early Wandered through the woods aimlessly My aunt from Texas loves Philly cheesesteaks Enjoys a long, hot soak in the tub Maybe I will see you over the weekend Played games and ate lots of pizza The bird on my lawn is looking for worms. Fell down an entire flight of stairs. The guitar had a strange sound.

Clause or not a clause? The window was cracked by a stray baseball Searched for any survivors of the wreck Came out of nowhere Returned home after a horrible night. Three young men were observed trying to break into cars. • Sounded like a dying animal in the woods. • Never returned from her Alaskan adventure • The captain refused to turn the ship around in the storm. • • •

Simple or Compound? • I fell asleep early but woke up at 3: 00 a. m. • The deer wandered through the woods and the hunter followed her. • My aunt from Texas loves Philly cheesesteaks and she also enjoys soft pretzels. • My mom gets tired from work and often enjoys a long, hot soak in the tub at night. • Maybe I will see you over the weekend and we can hang out. • My friends and I played games and ate lots of pizza

Simple or Compound? • The bird on my lawn is looking for worms but can’t find any. • The window was cracked by a stray baseball and Dad is really angry. • The rescue team searched for any survivors of the wreck and sadly found none. • Her anger came out of nowhere and I didn’t know what to say. • The tired family returned home after a horrible night so they could get some sleep. • Three young men were observed trying to break into cars and ran after hearing the sirens.

Simple or Compound? • The young woman set off on her own and never returned from her Alaskan adventure. • The captain refused to turn the ship around in the storm and his crew revolted. • My little sister tripped and fell down an entire flight of stairs. • Three men were observed trying to break into cars but were caught by the police shortly after. • The guitar had a strange sound yet I was very fond of it. • We returned home after a horrible night and immediately went to bed.

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Dependent Clause: does not express a complete thought and cannot stand alone in a sentence. (also known as subordinate clause) EXAMPLE …because they care about helping people. A dependent clause must be joined to an independent clause or it is a fragment.

Dependent clause starts with a subordinate conjunction. Subordinate: lower in rank or position. Therefore, they cannot stand alone! They are subordinate to independent clauses like a… • Employee to his boss • Child to his parent • Soldier to his commander

Subordinate Conjunctions (copy in writing section) after before once although as as if as long as as though because still even if even though if if only in order to now that rather than since so that than that unless until whenever whereas wherever while

Independent or Dependent? 1. Although it was raining, Maria went for a jog at the park. 2. Brianna eats chocolate whenever she gets a poor grade in math. 3. After the flood waters retreated, the family moved into a temporary shelter. 4. While walking in the woods, John saw a raccoon eating potato chips. 5. Students who play an instrument do better on math tests. 6. When you finish your homework, please take the dog for a walk. 7. After Juan completed the assignment, he swam laps at the gym. 8. Before he completed the assignment, Evan decided to eat a quick lunch.

Independent or Dependent? 1. Although it was raining, Maria went for a jog at the park. D 2. Brianna eats chocolate whenever she gets a poor grade in math. D 3. After the flood waters retreated, the family moved into a temporary shelter. D 4. While walking in the woods, John saw a raccoon eating potato chips. I 5. Students who play an instrument do better on math tests. I 6. When you finish your homework, please take the dog for a walk. D 7. After Juan completed the assignment, he swam laps at the gym. D 8. Before he completed the assignment, Evan decided to eat a quick lunch. D

Independent or Dependent? 1. Juan continued playing although he injured his knee. 2. I thought that the offer was too good to be true. 3. While I was scrubbing the floors, Juliet was watching television. 4. Although she was tired and grumpy, Laura agreed to babysit for her sister-in-law. 5. My friend has been visiting since the winter break started. 6. As she was driving home from spring break, Maria saw a tornado touch down. 7. People who drink and drive should be arrested. 8. Ever since my daughter purchased a ferret, I have noticed an unpleasant smell in the house. 9. If I cannot make it to the dance, I will give away my tickets.

Independent or Dependent? 1. Juan continued playing although he injured his knee. I 2. I thought that the offer was too good to be true. I 3. While I was scrubbing the floors, Juliet was watching television. D 4. Although she was tired and grumpy, Laura agreed to babysit for her sister-in-law. D 5. My friend has been visiting since the winter break started. I 6. As she was driving home from spring break, Maria saw a tornado touch down. D 7. People who drink and drive should be arrested. I 8. Ever since my daughter purchased a ferret, I have noticed an unpleasant smell in the house. D 9. If I cannot make it to the dance, I will give away my tickets. I

Complex Sentences: contains one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses. EXAMPLES (dependent clause in bold) When we visited, Mrs. Brodsky shared her memories of working in a shipyard during World War II. Mr. Ruiz was a photographer until he was drafted.

Punctuating complex sentences: If the dependent clause begins a sentence, it must be followed by a comma. Examples: While I was eating, the cat scratched at the door. If you are ill, you ought to see a doctor.

If the independent clause starts the sentences, no comma is required. Examples: The cat scratched at the door while I was eating. You ought to see a doctor if you are ill.

Comma or No Comma? 1. Whenever I’m late for the bus my mom drives me to school. 2. My mom drives me to school whenever I’m late for the bus. 3. I had to stay at a neighbor’s house after school because I lost my key. 4. Because I lost my key I had to stay at a neighbor’s house after school. 5. When I forgot to do my chores my mom grounded me for the day. 6. My mom grounded me for the day when I forgot to do my chores. 7. Because her friends were all on vacation Mary was lonely all summer break. 8. Before I could go to the party my mom made me walk the dog.

Comma or No Comma? 1. Whenever I’m late for the bus, my mom drives me to school. 2. My mom drives me to school whenever I’m late for the bus. 3. I had to stay at a neighbor’s house after school because I lost my key. 4. Because I lost my key, I had to stay at a neighbor’s house after school. 5. When I forgot to do my chores, my mom grounded me for the day. 6. My mom grounded me for the day when I forgot to do my chores. 7. Because her friends were all on vacation, Mary was lonely all summer break. 8. Before I could go to the party, my mom made me walk the dog.

More Practice: Comma or No Comma? 1. Although she was popular Laurie couldn’t get a date for the prom. 2. We went to hang out at Dairy Queen after school since the game was cancelled. 3. Unless you hear otherwise I’ll be in my classroom all afternoon. 4. We celebrated at the Wagon Wheel after we won the game. 5. The dancer injured her foot while she was rehearsing for the recital. 6. As the sun rose my friend and I were up and ready for our run. 7. Because Sarah is my sister I have to forgive her for ruining my favorite shirt. 8. I am going to Hershey Park this weekend if the weather is good.

Comma or No Comma? 1. Although she was popular, Laurie couldn’t get a date for the prom. 2. We went to hang out at Dairy Queen after school since the game was cancelled. 3. Unless you hear otherwise, I’ll be in my classroom all afternoon. 4. We celebrated at the Wagon Wheel after we won the game. 5. The dancer injured her foot while she was rehearsing for the recital. 6. As the sun rose, my friend and I were up and ready for our run. 7. Because Sarah is my sister, I have to forgive her for ruining my favorite shirt. 8. I am going to Hershey Park this weekend if the weather is good.

Compound or complex? Punctuate! 1. Older television sets had tubes while the new models are digital. 2. Older television sets had tubes the newest models are digital. 3. After the tornado hit my house was completely destroyed. 4. The tornado hit my house and it was completely destroyed. 5. The clouds promise rain we should hurry up and get home. 6. The clouds promise rain so we should hurry up and get home. 7. Bruno likes sitting on the beach he always gets a nasty sunburn. 8. Bruno likes sitting on the beach although he always gets a nasty sunburn.

Simple, Compound or complex? Punctuate! 1. Older television sets had tubes while the new models are digital. 2. Older television sets had tubes but the newest models are digital. 3. The tornado hit my house and completely destroyed it. 4. The tornado hit my house and it was completely destroyed. 5. The clouds promise rain we should hurry up and get home. 6. We should hurry up and get home. 7. Althoug Bruno likes sitting on the beach he always gets a nasty sunburn. 8. Bruno likes sitting on the beach and enjoying the ocean breeze.

Homework 5 Pick five subordinating conjunctions out of the first column in your list and write a complex sentence for each. The independent clause must go first! Ex: My game really improved after I bought my new sneakers.

Homework 6 • Pick five subordinating conjunctions out of the second column in your list and write a complex sentence for each. The dependent clause must go first! Ex: After I bought my new sneakers, my game really improved.

Copy sentences. Underline dependent clause and add punctuation if needed. 1. Although they eat me out of house and home I will love my children. 2. I won’t buy new clothes unless they are on sale. 3. While we watched the basketball game on television my friend and I ate up all of the snacks in the house. 4. I ran out of water and was very thirsty as we hiked through the dense forest. 5. My mom will not drive me to the mall unless I help her with the laundry. 6. I don’t like to be alone while I’m watching a scary movie.

Underline dependent clause and add punctuation if needed. 1. Although they eat me out of house and home , I will love my children. 2. I won’t buy new clothes unless they are on sale. 3. While we watched the basketball game on television, my friend and I ate up all of the snacks in the house. 4. I ran out of water and was very thirsty as we hiked through the dense forest. 5. My mom will not drive me to the mall unless I help her with the laundry. 6. I don’t like to be alone while I’m watching a scary movie.

Copy sentences. Underline dependent clause and add punctuation if needed. 1. Stephen won’t do his homework unless his mom makes him 2. If I don’t finish this project tonight I’ll just do it over the weekend. 3. After Jack had fallen Jill came tumbling after. 4. As we hiked through the woods I was bitten up by mosquitoes. 5. My dog will roll over and play dead if I offer him a treat. 6. Unless the team works harder we will not make it to the playoffs.

Underline dependent clause and add punctuation if needed. 1. Stephen won’t do his homework unless his mom makes him. 2. If I don’t finish this project tonight, I’ll just do it over the weekend. 3. After Jack had fallen, Jill came tumbling after. 4. As we hiked through the woods, I was bitten up by mosquitoes. 5. My dog will roll over and play dead if I offer him a treat. 6. Unless the team works harder, we will not make it to the playoffs.

HW 7: Underline dependent clause and add punctuation if needed. 1. Although it has been celebrated for more than ten years National Youth Service Day is not well-known. 2. This national event was founded so that young people’s volunteer work would be recognized. 3. After the volunteers work on a project they have a deep sense of satisfaction. 4. Because they wanted to help beautify the city some volunteers in Atlanta, Georgia, painted a playground. 5. While adult volunteers helped most of the work was done by elementary-school and middle-school students. 6. Since they were interested in identifying major problems in their neighborhood about 90 high school students in San Francisco conducted a community survey. 7. Perhaps you can get involved next year if you are interest in volunteering.

HW 7: Underline dependent clause and add punctuation if needed. 1. Although it has been celebrated for more than ten years, National Youth Service Day is not well-known. 2. This national event was founded so that young people’s volunteer work would be recognized. 3. After the volunteers work on a project, they have a deep sense of satisfaction. 4. Because they wanted to help beautify the city , some volunteers in Atlanta, Georgia, painted a playground. 5. While adult volunteers helped, most of the work was done by elementary-school and middle-school students. 6. Since they were interested in identifying major problems in their neighborhood, about 90 high school students in San Francisco conducted a community survey. 7. Perhaps you can get involved next year if you are interest in volunteering.

HW 8: Complex Sentences Punctuate the following sentences correctly: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. I would have gone with you although I am tired. Although I am tired, I would have gone with you. Since our team lost last night, we can’t enter the tournament. We can’t enter the tournament since our team lost last night. He listened in class although he didn’t take part in class discussions. Although he didn’t take part in class discussions, he listened in class. We were raising livestock because my family was living in the country. Because my family was living in the country, we were raising livestock. The horse trotted until he broke into a gallop. Until he broke into a gallop, the horse trotted.

Complex Sentences Cont. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. Even though he was a strange character, I liked being around him even though he was a strange character. After I caught a tiny trout in the stream, we had it for supper. I cannot buy a car until I have saved a down payment since my credit is bad. I will help you since no one else seems to be willing to help. She plans to read three books while she is on vacation. Please shut the door since it is cold and rainy outside because of El Nino. Because of El Nino, it is cold and rainy outside. While the strong wind was blowing, our boat nearly capsized on the lake. Once you have mastered clauses, the rest of the study of grammar is quite easy.

Identify clauses, sentence types, and punctuate if needed. Samples: D I My Halloween costume is ruined because my brother spilled juice all over it. CX I I My favorite candy is Nerds ; I hope I get some this Halloween. CD 1. We need to go to the mall to get our Halloween decorations there is a sale at Spencer’s. ____ 2. We need to go to the mall today to get our Halloween decorations because Spencer’s is having a sale. ____ 3. While I like Halloween I don’t appreciate my mom stealing all of my candy. ____

Quiz Prep: S, CD, or CX 1. I wanted to watch the season premiere of The Walking Dead but I fell asleep too early. _____ 2. My grandmother makes the best meatballs and always makes extra for me to take home. _____ 3. While a storm raged on outside I enjoyed a warm fire and a good book. _____ 4. The young boy listened attentively as his mother yelled for a solid five minutes. _____ 5. After his friend moved away Fred moped around the house. ____ 6. My family gets together every Sunday and we always love to play board games. _____ 7. The hungry cat stalked a small field mouse and made a quick meal of him. _____ 8. Whenever the cafeteria serves tacos there are lines out the doors.

Quiz Prep: S, CD, or CX 1. I wanted to watch the season premiere of The Walking Dead, but I fell asleep too early. CD 2. My grandmother makes the best meatballs and always makes extra for me to take home. S 3. While a storm raged on outside, I enjoyed a warm fire and a good book. CX 4. The young boy listened attentively as his mother yelled for a solid five minutes. CX 5. After his friend moved away, Fred moped around the house. CX 6. My family gets together every Sunday, and we always love to play board games. CD 7. The hungry cat stalked a small field mouse and made a quick meal of him. S 8. Whenever the cafeteria serves tacos, there are lines out the doors. CX

Skills Check Review 1. I did not do well on my quiz because I did not study for it. _____ 2. I realize I need to learn from my mistakes and I need to change my study habits. _____ 3. Mrs. Fava is a wonderful and patient teacher. _____ 4. So that I do better on the next quiz I will memorize the subordinating conjunctions. _____ 5. Until I bring my English grade up Mom has grounded me. _____

Skills Check Review 1. I did not do well on my quiz because I did not study for it. _____ 2. I realize I need to learn from my mistakes and I need to change my study habits. _____ 3. Mrs. Fava is a wonderful and patient teacher. _____ 4. So that I do better on the next quiz I will memorize the subordinating conjunctions. _____ 5. Until I bring my English grade up Mom has grounded me. _____

More practice: underline clauses, identify , and punctuate. 1. We had a great Winter Break it was really fun. ______ 2. Because it was so long we were able to do many fun things. _____ 3. I went to the movies and slept in. _____ 4. I went to the movies and I slept in. _____ 5. I was going to babysit since I needed the money _____ 6. I was going to babysit but I didn’t have the time. _____

More practice: underline clauses, identify , and punctuate. 1. I went to the doctor’s office because I was feeling really sick. _____ 2. I wasn’t sure when class would be over. _____ 3. I love being on break you have so much free time. _____ 4. I love being on break because you have so much free time. _____ 5. If it snows tomorrow we may have a snow day! _____ 6. We have a snow day today since it snowed last night. _____

More practice: underline clauses, identify , and punctuate. 1. I love the sights and smells of Fall. _____ 2. I enjoy the changing of the leaves and the smell of pumpkin spice. _____ 3. My dad loves to carve pumpkins his masterpieces sit out on our front porch. _____ 4. After I go out for Halloween I have to hide my candy from my mom. _____ 5. Mom is on a diet but she really loves her candy! _____ 6. My grandmother has been making my Halloween costumes since I was little. _____

More practice: underline clauses, identify , and punctuate. 1. My soccer team started off the season well with three wins and zero losses. _____ 2. Since our best player was injured we have lost the last two games. _____ 3. My coach is very frustrated with us and yells all the time. _____ 4. He even threw orange slices at me after we lost the last game. _____ 5. I was hoping our best play would come back but he is sadly out for the season. _____ 6. When this season is over I may switch to football. _____

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Compound-Complex Sentence: contains two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. EXAMPLES: dependent clause (red) independent clauses (green) When our school celebrates Earth Day, we sign up for environmental projects, and we try to complete them all in one day.

Combine the following sentences to form a complex compound sentence: Use while and; put dependent clause first. • Most young people in the middle ages worked. • Today’s young people go to school. • They work after graduation. While most young people in the middle ages worked, today’s young people go to school, and they work after graduation.

HW 1 Write 2 compound complex sentences in your notebook: • Put dependent clause first in each. • Underline the dependent clause in red. • Underline the independent clause in green. • Apply appropriate punctuation!

Combine the following sentences to form a complex compound sentence: Use since and but: put dependent clause first: • Annie was home from college for Thanksgiving. • I decided to visit her. • She was sick with the flu. Since Annie was home from college for Thanksgiving, I decided to visit her, but she was sick with the flu.

HW 2 Write 2 compound complex sentences in your notebook: • Put dependent clause first in each. • Underline the dependent clause in red. • Underline the independent clause in green. • Apply appropriate punctuation!

Combine the following sentences to form a complex compound sentence: Use and so that; put both independent clauses first: • Students have cleaned up the beaches. • They have planted flowers in the parks. • The shore looks inviting to visitors. Students have cleaned up the beaches, and they have planted flowers in the parks so that the shore looks inviting to visitors.

HW 3 Write 2 compound complex sentences in your notebook: • Put both independent clauses first in each. • Underline the dependent clause in red. • Underline the independent clause in green. • Apply appropriate punctuation!

Combine the following sentences to form a complex compound sentence: Use but and after; put one independent clause first. • He ate lunch at the Cheesecake Factory. • Stanley wanted to go to the gym. • He was too full from his meal. Stanley wanted to go to the gym after he ate lunch at the Cheesecake factory, but he was too full from his meal.

HW 4 Write 2 compound complex sentences in your notebook: • Put one independent clause first in each. • Underline the dependent clause in red. • Underline the independent clause in green. • Apply appropriate punctuation!

HW 5: Mixed Review Write 5 sentences with correct punctuation and clauses underlined (I) and (D): • A simple sentence with a compound predicate • A compound sentence • A complex sentence • A compound-complex sentence

HW 5 1. We can wait here until Carlo calls us. 2. Either the engine starts or we will remain here all night. 3. A group of my classmates studied the problem and solved it in a few minutes. 4. The old car was in fairly good operating condition but the condition of the body was poor.

HW 5 1. We can wait here until Carlo calls us. CX 2. Either the engine starts, or we will remain here all night. CD 3. A group of my classmates studied the problem and solved it in a few minutes. S 4. The old car was in fairly good operating condition, but the condition of the body was poor. CD

HW 5 5. As cold weather approaches, you must protect your water pipes against freezing or they can rupture and cause significant damage to your home. 6. Russia has a variety of natural resources including oil, natural gas, timber, iron ore, copper, and lead. 7. While the weather forecast had predicted severe thunderstorms the dark, heavy thunderclouds never materialized. 8. Annual plants survive only one season and must be replaced each year perennials return each year with new flowers and foliage.

HW 5 5. As cold weather approaches, you must protect your water pipes against freezing, or they can rupture and cause significant damage to your home. CD-CX 6. Russia has a variety of natural resources including oil, natural gas, timber, iron ore, copper, and lead. S 7. While the weather forecast had predicted severe thunderstorms, the dark, heavy thunderclouds never materialized. CX 8. Annual plants survive only one season and must be replaced each year; perennials return each year with new flowers and foliage. CD

Honors: Essential Clauses Essential (Restrictive) clauses: provides necessary information about the noun in the sentence. It is not separated from the rest of the sentence by commas. Examples: • The student who sits in the back of the room is always absent. • The results that I obtained from the experiment were surprising. • The student whose essay I just read aloud is always setting a good example.

Non-essential Clauses Non-essential (non-restrictive) clauses: adds additional information to a sentence. It uses commas to show that the information is additional. If omitted, readers will still understand the overall meaning of the sentence. Examples: • I want to thank my father, Mark Smith, for all of his love and support. • Simon Baxter, who is a deep-sea fisherman, is training to be a lion tamer.

Practice: E or N A. The Statue of Liberty which is situated on Liberty Island was given to us by the French. B. The Statue of Liberty, which is situated on Liberty Island, was given to us by the French. N NEXT A. People who have a "sweet tooth" consume a lot of sugar. B. People, who have a "sweet tooth, " consume a lot of sugar. A. People who have a "sweet tooth" consume a lot of sugar. E

Practice: E or N A. Candy that contains chocolate is dangerous to dogs. B. Candy, that contains chocolate, is dangerous to dogs. A. Candy that contains chocolate is dangerous to dogs. E NEXT A. Cindy who happens to be my favorite cousin is a wonderful writer. B. Cindy, who happens to be my favorite cousin, is a wonderful writer. N

Practice: E or N A. The vegetables that people leave uneaten are often the most nutritious. B. The vegetables, that people leave uneaten, are often the most nutritious. A. The vegetables that people leave uneaten are often the most nutritious. E NEXT A. Broccoli which people often leave uneaten is very nutritious. B. Broccoli, which people often leave uneaten, is very nutritious. N

E or N A. Lisa who takes ballet with Jan is my best friend. B. Lisa, who takes ballet with Jan, is my best friend. N NEXT A. I want the dress that is purple with black sequins for junior prom. B. I want the dress, that is purple with black sequins, for junior prom. C. I want the dress that is purple with black sequins for junior prom. E

N or E 1. I want the dog that is black and white. 2. The school library which is next to the cafeteria is my favorite place in the school! 3. Mary whose mom is a nurse sits behind me in class. 4. Could you bring me the cup that is on the table? 5. The time when I go to bed changes in the summer. 6. I won first prize which was a blue ribbon.

Honors Adjective Clause: clause that plays the role of an adjective. It modifies a noun. Starts with the following: who, whom, which, that, whose Students who study regularly get good grades. • Noun Clause: clause that plays the role of a noun. They are the subject or object of a verb. Starts with the following: Who/whom, whose, which, that if, whether, what, when, where, how, why Who is the new captain will soon be announced. (subject) Nancy knew where the museum was located. (object)

Noun or Adjective Clause 1. I forgot what you said. Noun 2. The Jaguar, which is cherry red, belongs to my neighbor. Adjective 3. No one knew what to do next. Noun 4. Guidance counselors provide help to whomever needs it. Noun 5. The quarterback has decided which play to run. Noun 6. The package that arrived this morning is on your desk. Adjective

Noun or Adjective Clause 1. The desk in the corner, which is covered in books, is mine. Adjective 2. Hans, who is an architect, lives in Berlin. Adjective 3. Can you imagine how cute they are? Noun 4. The crowd was so noisy that I could hardly hear what the announcer was saying. Noun 5. After losing her kitten, the old woman decided that she would put some post some notices around the neighborhood. Noun 6. Marnie has a dog that follows her everywhere. Adjective

Noun or Adjective Clause 1. What I had for breakfast gave me heartburn. Noun 2. I must decide which electives to take next year. Noun 3. Santa Clause delivers gifts to whomever was not naughty! Noun 4. The poster that hangs above my bed features my favorite band. Adjective 5. Which flavor ice cream should I buy at the market? Noun 6. I do not like people who are mean to animals. Adjective

Noun or Adjective Clause 1. The moment when the clown burst in to surprise the teacher was amazing. Adjective 2. I can’t figure out how to do my geometry homework. Noun 3. Grandmother is making the cookies that are my favorite! Adjective 4. A stray dog, which I think has been abused, was hanging out around my yard. Adjective 5. My whacky uncle tell funny stories to whoever will listen. Noun 6. Although I respected what my teacher said, I disagreed with his opinion.

Skills Check: Noun or Adjective 1. The man who assaulted the police officer was caught after a long chase. 2. I very much dislike whenever we study grammar in English. 3. Anyone who says that English teachers are boring will be punished! 4. My neighbor’s yard sale, which is held every October, always attracts some interesting people. 5. While no one knows that my mom is a police officer. 6. Now I understand why you didn’t do well on the quiz.

Skills Check: Noun or Adjective 1. The man who assaulted the police officer was caught after a long chase. Adjective 2. I very much dislike whenever we study grammar in English. Noun 3. Anyone who says that English teachers are boring will be punished! Noun 4. My neighbor’s yard sale, which is held every October, always attracts some interesting people. Adjective 5. While no one knows that my mom is a police officer. Noun 6. Now I understand why you didn’t do well on the quiz.

Phrase: does not contain a subject or predicate. EXAMPLES (prepositional phrase in bold) Spiders live in many different habitats. The deer fled into the woods.

A phrase is a collection of words that may have nouns or verbs, but it does not have a subject doing a verb. EXAMPLES: Leaving behind the dog, I fled from the haunted house. Before the test, I sharpened my pencil. With a positive attitude, you can do anything. Working all night long, I finally finished my English project.

Look at the difference Phrase Leaving behind the dog Clause I left the dog behind. (IC) Before the first test Before I took the test… (DC) With a positive attitude A positive attitude helps you to accomplish anything. (IC) Working all night long After I worked all night long… (DC)

Whiparound: D, I, or P? Whenever I eat dinner at Aunt Sarah’s house, I have to worry about her dog stealing my food. Eating dinner at Aunt Sarah’s house, I have to worry about her dog stealing my food. Whenever I eat dinner at Aunt Sarah’s house, I have to worry about her dog stealing my food.

Whiparound: D, I, or P? Before the game on Saturday, I pulled a hamstring before the game on Saturday. I pulled a hamstring before I could play in the game on Saturday.

Whiparound: D, I, or P? The market was closed because it was a holiday. The market was closed because of the holiday. Because of the holiday, the market was closed.

Whiparound: D, I, or P? Before the detective arrived at the crime scene, he contacted the forensics team to meet him. Before arriving at the crime scene, the detective contacted the forensics team to meet him. Before the detective arrived at the crime scene, he contacted the forensics team to meet him.

Whiparound: D, I, or P? Too frightening for young audience members, the circus clown was fired. The circus clown was fired because he was too frightening for young audience members. Too frightening for young audience members, the circle clown was fired.

Choose two from each column to write four sentences. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Intro phrases After three long years, . . . Any given Sunday, . . . Over the river and through the woods, . . . While riding a bike, . . . Trying to make the team, . . . After waiting for two hours, …. Dependent clauses 1. After I practiced the violin, . . . 2. If Andrew works really hard, . . . 3. When Sarah goes to the beach, . . . 4. Even though Mr. Smith is usually nice, . . . 5. As the batter stepped up to the plate, . . . 6. Because my grandmother lives in Alaska, ….

I, D, or P (HW 4) 1. The hot dog vendor witnessed the car accident that happened early that morning. _____ 2. When the hot dog vendor saw the car accident, he called the police. ______ 3. Witnessing the car accident, the hot dog vendor immediately called the police. _____

HW 4: I, D, or P 4. Born in Texas, I moved to Aston when I was eleven. _____ 5. Born in Texas, I moved to Aston when I was eleven. _____ 6. Born in Texas, I moved to Aston when I was eleven. _____ •

HW 4: I, D, or P 7. I felt frightened when I heard a strange noise outside my room last night. _____ 8. When I heard a strange noise outside my room last night, I felt frightened. _____ 9. Hearing a strange noise outside my room last night, I felt frightened. _____ •

HW 4: I, D, or P 10. I panicked when I lost my two friends at the carnival over the weekend. _____ 11. I panicked when I lost my two friends at the carnival over the weekend. _____ 12. Having lost my two friends, I panicked at the carnival over the weekend. _____ •

HW 4: I, D, or P 13. Never one to dwell on the negative, Sam quickly forgot about the team loss. _____ 14. Since he was never one to dwell on the negative, Sam quickly forgot about the team loss. _____ 15. Sam quickly forgot about the team loss since he was never one to dwell on the negative. _____ •

HW 4: I, D, or P 16. My mom worried when I missed my school bus and didn’t come home. _____ 17. When I missed my school bus and didn’t come home, my mom worried. _____ 18. Missing the school bus, I worried my mom. _____ •

HW 4: I, D, or P 19. Because I am failing English, I am grounded until the marking period ends. _____ 20. I am grounded until the marking period ends because I am failing English. _____ 21. Failing English, I am grounded until the marking period ends. _____

HW 5: I, D, or P 1. Tigers, suffering from habitat loss, are one of the world’s endangered species. _____ 2. Tigers, since they suffer from habitat loss, are one of the world’s endangered species. _____ 3. Tigers, one of the world’s endangered species, suffer from habitat loss. _____

HW 5: I, D, or P 4. After you taste my Aunt Rita’s homemade banana cream pie, you won’t ever want store-made pie again. _____ 5. You won’t ever want store-made pie again after you taste my Aunt Rita’s homemade banana cream pie. _____ 6. After tasting my Aunt Rita’s homemade banana cream pie, you won’t ever want store-made pie again. _____

HW 5: I, D, or P 7. The president got angry with the student council when no one would help with the fundraiser. _____ 8. When no one would help with the fundraiser, the president of the student council got angry. _____ 9. Getting no help with the fundraiser, the president of the student council got angry. _____

HW 5: I, D, or P 10. Although she is my beloved bird, I sometimes get angry with my noisy bird in the morning. _____ 11. I sometimes get angry with my noisy bird in the morning although she is my beloved pet. _____ 12. Although my beloved pet, I sometimes get angry with my noisy bird in the morning. _____

HW 5: I, D, or P 13. While you were absent, I gathered all of the work you missed. _____ 14. I gathered all of the work you missed while you were absent. _____ 15. During your absence, I gathered all of the work you missed. _____

HW 5: I, D, or P 16. I have run two miles every day since the summer began. _____ 17. Since the summer began, I have run two miles every day. _____ 18. Since the summer’s beginning, I have run two miles every day. _____

HW 6: I, D, or P 1. Having never been on a plane, I was very nervous on the flight to Disney World. _____ 2. I was very nervous on the flight to Disney World, having never been on a plane. _____ 3. Since I had never been on a plane before, I was very nervous about the flight to Disney World. _____

HW 6: I, D, or P 4. Because she loved animals, Sarah volunteered to work at the Humane Society on Saturday morning. _____ 5. On Saturday mornings, Sarah volunteered to work at the Humane Society since she was such an animal lover. _____ 6. Sarah, a lover of animals, decided to volunteer at the Human Society on Saturday mornings. _____

HW 6: I, D, or P 7. Mr. Wilson, a dedicated teacher, spent most of his evenings grading papers. _____ 8. Mr. Wilson, a dedicated teacher, spent most of his evenings grading papers. _____ 9. Mr. Wilson spent most of his evenings grading papers because he was a dedicated teacher. _____

HW 6: I, D, or P 10. As a huge chocolate lover, I don’t know what I’d do if I was allergic to chocolate. _____ 11. I, a huge chocolate lover, don’t know what I’d do if I was allergic to chocolate. _____ 12. As a huge chocolate lover, I don’t know what I’d do if I was allergic to chocolate. _____

HW 6: I, D, or P 13. The lioness, an expert at stalking her prey, stayed downwind of the herd. ______ 14. Since she was an expert at stalking her prey, the lioness stayed downwind of the herd. _____ 15. An expert at stalking her prey, the lioness stayed downwind of the herd. _____

HW 6: I, D, or P 16. When I train for a race, I try to eat very well and get plenty of sleep. ______ 17. I try to eat very well and get plenty of sleep when I train for a race. _____ 18. When training for a race, I try to eat very well and get plenty of sleep. _____

HW 7: I, D, or P 1. Not wanting to watch her little brother, Stacy said that she had to study for her chemistry test. P 2. My mom, although she is usually patient, flipped out at my little brother today. D 3. Over the weekend, I had a huge fight with my friends and we aren’t speaking now. P 4. I cannot see my boyfriend tonight since he has to work at the Wa. Wa until ten. D 5. Running late in the morning, I missed the bus and Mom had to drive me to school. P 6. Joe, having forgotten to save his work, lost all his research paper when his computer crashed. P 7. If you want to pass the upcoming test, you will have to study every night. D

HW 7: I, D, or P 8. John’s painting, an ugly mess, was clearly the worst entry in the art show. I 9. When we win the championship this weekend, my team is going to celebrate at Dairy Queen. D 10. After running around the house, the dog finally settled down for a nap by the fence. P 11. Mr. and Mrs. Simpson, my friend’s parents, sat in back of us at the football game. P 12. On the way to school, I found a wallet that someone had dropped in the street. P 13. The teacher, having issued the detention, waited for her student to show up the next day. I 14. Dauphin Island, located off the coast of Alabama, is a favorite spot for fishermen. P

HW 7: I, D, or P 15. I don’t like watching television during the day because it makes me feel lazy. D 16. Maria, wearing a hand-made dress of her own design, was the most stunning girl at the prom. P 17. While I do like baseball, I rarely have time to go to a game. D 18. The cat that was watching the dog intently walked carefully away. P 19. Citizen Kane, considered by many critics to be the greatest American film ever made, won only one Academy Award. P 20. Joanne was rude to Mr. Simon even though he was just trying to help. D

HW 7: I, D, or P 21. Having worked hard on the paper, Jordan was disappointed to received a low B. I 22. The ballerina moved on stage with grace even though her feet hurt horribly. D 23. When in the company of strangers, be careful what you say. P 24. My favorite store at the mall, the one with all of the great posters, just closed last weekend. I 25. If you can’t say something nice, you shouldn’t say anything at all! D

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