Academic Standards for the Study of Abnormal Behavior
Academic Standards for the Study of Abnormal Behavior P. 6. 1: Common Characteristics of Abnormal Behavior P. 6. 2: Cultural and Historical Influences of Abnormal Behavior Definitions P. 6. 3: Theories of Abnormality P. 6. 4: Major Categories of Abnormal Behavior & the Disorders that are associated with each Category P. 6. 4: Availability & Appropriateness of various Modes of Treatment and Prevention for People with Psychological Disorders.
What is Normal and Abnormal Behavior? Abnormality is Relative…. . What is “Abnormal” is defined by the society in which the behavior occurs AND By the Classification System currently in Use.
P. 6. 1: What is Abnormal Behavior? 4 Common Characteristics • Violation of Social Norms • Statistical Rarity • Maladaptive Behavior • Personal Distress 5 D’s from a Clinical Point of View • Danger • Deviance • Dysfunction • Distress • Duration
Abnormal Behavior APA Definition: Behavior that is atypical or statistically uncommon within a particular culture or that is maladaptive or detrimental to an individual or to those around that individual. Such behavior is often regarded as evidence of a mental or emotional disturbance, ranging from minor adjustment problems to severe mental disorder. ” (APA Dictionary, 2018)
6. 2: Influence of Culture and History Definition of Culture: a group’s shared/learned set of beliefs, norms and values (U. S. Department of Health and Human Services [DHHS], 1999) Today, that definition specifically includes: national, ethnic, & racial background; language, migration, social, economic & education status; sexual orientation, gender roles, gender identity, moral, spiritual, & religious traditions (Kirmayer, (2012) Meaning-making” - Another element that conceptualizes the definition of culture noted by Kirmayer (2012). *Traditionally, abnormal behavior has been considered through the lens of western culture, primarily a white, Eurocentral perspective (Moleiro, 2018) Culture-bound Syndromes – abnormal, rare behavior patterns typically attributed to particular geographic areas & to specific ethnic groups that are sometimes derived from exaggerated forms of folk superstitions and beliefs
6. 2: Influence of Culture and History • Attitudes and views toward abnormal behavior have transformed greatly over time (Jutras, 2017): • Middle Ages: Supernatural & demonic connections • Late 1800’s: Psychodynamic approach and behavioral approach to the understanding • Post WWII: Categorization of mental illness / beginning of DSM • Mid 20 th Century: Study & treatment expands / pharmacologic & psychotherapeutic solutions • 1960’s: Political influence & Public Policy leads to Deinstitutionalization • 1980’s: Refinement of DSM Classification • 21 st century: Cultural sensitivity & deeper refinement of MI classification
6. 3 Theories of Abnormality (Current) 1. Psychodynamic Model (Freudian Theory) • Unconscious drives based on unacceptable sexual and aggressive impulses that need to remain hidden from our awareness often related to early experiences; treated with talk therapy 2. Biological Model • biological, genetic, chemical imbalances, infections, illness causes of disorders that can be treated with medication or surgery (also known as the Medical Model) 3. Behavioral Model • Abnormal behavior is learned via reinforcement and punishment; treated with behavioral therapy 4. Cognitive Model • Abnormal behavior occurs because troublesome internal thoughts, beliefs, perceptions interfere; treated with cognitive therapy 5. Humanistic Model • Abnormal behavior occurs because self-actualization (growth) is stunted by negative experiences (i. e. , with others -conditional love), not meeting needs. Treated with UPR
6. 4 Major Categories of Abnormal Behavior **All disorders listed are From The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5 th ed. ; DSM-5, American Psychiatric Association, 2013) Neurodevelopmental Disorders – Childhood disorders Intellectual Developmental Disorder Global Developmental Delay Communication Disorders Language disorder Speech sound disorder Childhood onset fluency disorder (stuttering) Social communication disorder Autism Spectrum Disorder Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
6. 4 Major Categories of Abnormal Behavior Disruptive, Impulse Control & Conduct Disorders Intermittent Explosive Disorder Pyromania Kleptomania Conduct Disorder(Child/Adolescent disorder) Oppositional-Defiant Disorder (Child/Adolescent disorder
6. 4 Major Categories of Abnormal Behavior Bipolar & Related Disorders Mania Depressive Episodes Anxiety Disorders GAD Agoraphobia SAD Specific Phobia Panic Disorder Separation Anxiety Disorder
6. 4 Major Categories of Abnormal Behavior Depressive Disorders Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (Childhood Disorder) MDD PDD (formally Dysthymia Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
6. 4 Major Categories of Abnormal Behavior Trauma & Stressor Related Disorders Acute Stress Disorder Adjustment Disorders PTSD Reactive Attachment Disorder (Childhood disorder)
6. 4 Major Categories of Abnormal Behavior Dissociative Disorders Dissociative Identity disorder Dissociative Amnesia Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder
6. 4 Major Categories of Abnormal Behavior Somatic Symptom & Related Disorders Somatic Symptom Disorder Illness Anxiety Disorder Conversion Disorder Factitious Disorder imposed on another
6. 4 Major Categories of Abnormal Behavior Feeding or Eating Disorders Anorexia Nervosa Bulimia Nervosa Binge-eating Disorder Pica Rumination Disorder (usually an infant or young child disorder)
6. 4 Major Categories of Abnormal Behavior Substance-Related & Addictive Disorders Alcohol-Related Disorders Cannabis-Related Disorders Inhalant-use Disorder Stimulant Use Disorder Opioid Use Disorder Tobacco use Disorder
6. 4 Major Categories of Abnormal Behavior Sleep-Wake Disorders Narcolepsy Breathing-Related Sleep Disorder Parasomnia Restless Leg Syndrome Insomnia Disorder Hypersomnolence
6. 4 Major Categories of Abnormal Behavior Neurocognitive Disorders Major & Mild Neurocognitive Disorders Delirium
6. 4 Major Categories of Abnormal Behavior Schizophrenia OCD & Related Disorders Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders Body-Dysmorphic Disorder Hoarding Disorder Trichotillomania Excoriation Disorder Substance/Medication-induced Cbsessive-Compulsive & Related Disorders
6. 4 Major Categories of Abnormal Behavior Personality Disorders Antisocial Personality Disorder Narcissistic Personality Disorder Avoidant Personality Disorder Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder Borderline Personality Disorder Paranoid Personality Disorder Dependent Personality Disorder Schizoid Personality Disorder Histrionic Personality Disorder Schizotypal Personality Disorder
6. 5 Availability and Appropriateness of Treatment Modes & Prevention Culture Assessment DSM 5: Research is examining the impact of DSM-5 changes suggest that some changes may cause an increase in prevalence rates of diagnosed mental disorders (such as ADHD & some eating disorders) among children and adolescents (Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, 2016)
6. 5 Availability and Appropriateness of Treatment Modes & Prevention Pharmacotherapy Psychotherapy Self-Help Complementary & Alternative Medicine Support Groups *Mindfulness Training Assertive Community Treatment (ACT) Hospitalization
6. 5 Availability and Appropriateness of Treatment Modes & Prevention Making this a public health priority Paying attention to Evidence-based risk and protective factors Environmental & economic determinants Individual & family related determinants Macro-strategies to reduce risk & improve quality of life Improving nutrition Improving housing Improving access to education Reducing economic insecurity Strengthening community networks Reducing addictions Reducing stressors & enhancing resilience
References Abnormal Behavior. (2018) In American Psychological Association Dictionary. Retrieved from https: //dictionary. apa. org/abnormal-behavior]] American Psychiatric Association. (2013). : Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5 th ed. , ) Washington, DC: author Carey, B. (2018, November 20). When will we solve mental illness. New York Times. Retrieved from https: //www. nytimes. com/2018/11/19/health/mental-health-psychology. html Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. (2016). 2014 National survey on Drug use and Health DSM-5 changes: implications for child serious emotional disturbance. Retrieved from https: . . www. samhsa. gov/data/sites/default/files /NSDUH-DSM 5 Impact. Child. SED-2016. pdf. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Rockville, MD Cherry, K. (2019, September 4). A list of psychological disorders. Very Well Mind. Retrieved from https: //www. verywellmind. com/a-list-ofpsychological-disorders-2794776? print Grob, GN. (1992). Mental health policies in America: Myths and realities. Health Affairs. 11. Retrieved from https: //www. healthaffairs. org/doi/full/10. 1377/hlthaff. 11. 3. 7
Jutrus, M. (2017). Historical perspectives on theories, diagnosis, and treatment of mental illness, BC Medical Journal, 59: 86 -88 Kallapirin, Koo, Kirubakaran, & Hancock (2015). Review: Effectiveness of mindfulness in improving mental health symptoms of children and adolescents: a meta-analysis. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 20: 181. 93. doi: 10. 1111/camh. 12113 Krimayer, L. J. (2012). Beyond the ‘new cross-cultural psychiatry’: cultural biology, discursive psychology and the ironies of Globalizaton. Transcultural Psychiatry, 49: 149 -64. doi: 10. 1177/1363461512444673 Mehta, S. (2014). Unipolar mania: recent updates and review of the literature. Psychiatry Journal, doi: 10. 1155/2014/261943 Molerio, C. (2018). Culture and psychopathology: New perspectives on research, practice, and Clinical training in a globalized world. Frontiers in Psychopathology, 9: 1 -6. . doi: 10. 3389/fpsyt. 2018. 00366 National Institute of Mental Health, Center for Mental Health Services, Office of the Surgeon General. Mental Health: Culture, Race, and Ethnicity: A supplement to mental health: A report of the Surgeon General. Rockville (MD): In Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. 2001, Aug. Chapter 1: Introduction. Retrieved from: https: //www. ncbi, . nlm. nih. gov/books/NBK 44246/.
Ruffalo, M. (2018). The psychoanalytic tradition in American psychiatry: the basics. Psychiatric Times. 36. Retrieved from https: //www. psychiatrictimes. com/history-psychiatry/psychoanalytic-tradition-american-psychiatry-basics Vanden. Bos, G. R. . (Ed. ). (2018). APA dictionary of psychology, Washington, DC: American Psychological Association World Health Organization, (2004). Prevention of mental disorders: effective interventions and policy options, summary report, retrieved from https: //www. who. int/mental_health/evidence/en/prevention_of_mental_disorders_sr. pdf Yamada, A. M, . Marsella, A. J. (2013) Handbook of multicultural mental health (2 nd. ed. ) Retrieved from DOI https: //doi. org/10. 1016/C 2011 -0 -06838 -2
- Slides: 26