AC 4 1 Assess the use of criminological

AC 4. 1 Assess the use of criminological theories in informing policy development AC 4. 1 Assess the use Criminological theories of criminological theories in informing policy development Individualistic biological sociological policy development informal policy making crime control policies state punishment policies

Name 3 government policies that relate to the reduction of crime (they could be in the UK or elsewhere) You can research these online, if you’re not sure. Which of these is the most successful do you think and why? Are any of these based on individualistic theories? Give reasons

List all of the words associated with these theories – aim for 4 in each Learning theories Psychodynamic Eysenck’s theory theories

POLICY BASED ON BEHAVIOURAL THEORY TOKEN ECONOMY How could you use this method to treat offenders?

Link therapy with the explanation According to the behavioural approach, offending, like any other behaviour is learnt from the environment through operant conditioning or social learning The behaviour can be unlearnt and replaced by a more adaptive behaviour using the same processes Which Theory are we referring to?

Policy based on behavioural theory - Token economy It is based on operant conditioning therefore it is called a behaviour modification technique The aim is to modify directly observable behaviours It involves two main steps • Identifying the undesirable behaviour • Changing the environment so positive behaviour is reinforced

Token Economies (Prison Term: Incentives and Earned Privileges Scheme) In prisons: incentive may be job opportunity, or earn ‘TV in room’ In CJS – reduction in Sentence for ‘Guilty’ Plea In prisons: possibility of parole for good behaviour In community: less contact with Offender Manager if seemingly ‘less risky’ or ‘unproblematic’ In Court – Reduction in Sanction (Punishment) if ‘genuine remorse’ is obvious In Tesco – Vouchers for shopping with them!

USA Model: The reward of a ‘Conjugal Visit’ A conjugal visit is a scheduled period in which a prison inmate is permitted to spend several hours in private with a visitor, usually his or her legal spouse. The parties may engage in sexual intercourse. The basis for allowing such visits is to preserve family bonds and increase the chances of success for a prisoner’s eventual return to life after prison. Conjugal visits are not permitted in the UK https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=7 Vzw. F 4 h. Jlb. I Arguments for and against? – booklet page 3

Activity Design a token economy system to be used in a Young Offenders’ Institute (YOI) Make a list of all the behaviours you would consider a young person aged 18 -21 may consider to be a ‘reward’ for good or desirable behaviour and which could work in your token economy system Which of the behaviours could these young offenders find difficult to change? Why? What could you do in your institute to persuade them that it would help their conditions inside, and for release?

Statement Agree/disagree Why? ? Token economies are easy to implement Token economies lead to long term changes in behaviour It is ok to withhold privileges from prisoners (token economies are ethical) Token economies change reduce disobedient behaviour in prisons Token economies work for everyone

Interventions based on Psychodynamic Theory Psychoanalysis A collection of techniques that attempt to access and understand the unconscious motives that may be influencing the person’s criminal behaviour Early childhood interventions Policies that attempt to influence the early childhood relationships between parents and children because the psychodynamic theory believes this is where the adult personality is formed.

Psychoanalysis

What is it? A therapy developed by Sigmund Freud to make the unconscious to enable the person to deal with abnormal behaviour.

AIM OF PSYCHODYNAMIC THERAPIES TO UNCOVER REPRESSED MATERIAL IN UNCONSCIOUS TO HELP CLIENT UNDERSTAND THE ORIGINS OF THEIR PROBLEMS TO MAKE THE UNCONSCIOUS, CONSCIOUS

Psychodynamic treatments https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Wi. Lt. QATY_1 s

Techniques used Dream Analysis

2. Dream Analysis Freud suggested that dreams were the ‘royal road to the unconscious’. By this he meant that dreams can tell us about the fears and desires that our conscious mind cannot deal with. However, even in dreams our conscious mind may still find some thoughts and wishes too frightening and so the ego disguises the true wishes by replacing them with symbolic representations of the true objects and people. Dreams therefore require interpretation.

Ink Blot Tests Hermann Rorschach hoped that these spontaneous reactions would yield valuable clues as to the test subject's personality. Whether they do remains controversial.

Ink Blot Tests https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=0 Z 0 aj. I 18 m. Co Try the first ink blot test 1 but don’t tell anyone your answer

Ink Blot Test How fast you answer is taken as an indication of how well you cope with new situations. If you don't give more than one answer for the example below, many psychologists will drop a hint – to suggest that you to look closer.

Ink Blot Tests

Ink Blot Tests Black ink. A roughly triangular shape, point down, suggesting a broad, foxlike face with prominent ears. Naughty bits: a pair of breasts (rounded projections at top of blot); a vertical female figure, her torso partly visible through a gauzy dress (along centre line). Good/Common Answers: “Bat, butterfly, female figure (in the centre), moth” You may be a little paranoid if you see: “Mask, animal face, jack o lantern” Bad Answer: “Anything insulting about the female figure (it is an indicator of your own body image)” How fast you answer is taken as an indication of how well you cope with new situations. If you don't give more than one answer for Plate I, many psychologists will drop a hint - tell you to look closer.

Psychoanalysis: Inkblot Test: What do you see? p. 9 Evaluate Psychoanalysis

BOOKLET WORK Jim spent the first five years of his life in a children’s home, as his alcoholic parents were judged not fit to take care of him. Jim is 15 and has very few close friends. He spends long periods of time playing GTA on his X box. In the last few weeks, Jim has started to get in trouble with the police. He has a criminal record for vandalism after damaging a bus shelter and spraying images on the sides of buildings; which tend to show skeletons and waves. He has also started stealing. Which treatment would you use for Jim – behavioural modification or psychoanalysis? Give 3 reasons for selecting your chosen treatment : Behavioural – he has learnt to be criminal, he has not received appropriate rewards or punishments Psychoanalysis – making the unconscious, conscious Describe 5 details of how you would treat Jim using your preferred method. Draw up a list of desired behaviours E. g. not playing X box Attending art classes Speaking to a new person at the art class Reward him with tokens (something he would like) Allow him to exchange tokens for rewards e. g. extra phone time whilst in a prison/YOI.

ANSWERS TO BOOKLET QUESTIONS – USING BEHAVIOURAL MODIFICATION Which treatment would you use for Jim – behavioural modification or psychoanalysis? Give 3 reasons for selecting your chosen treatment Behavioural – he has learnt to be criminal, he has not received appropriate rewards or punishments Describe 5 details of how you would treat Jim using your preferred method. Draw up a list of desired behaviours E. g. not playing X box Attending art classes Speaking to a new person at the art class Reinforce these with tokens (secondary reinforcers) Allow him to exchange tokens for rewards e. g. Papa John’s takeaway (primary reinforcer)

Which treatment would you use for Jim – ANSWERS Using psychoanalysis? Give 3 reasons for selecting your chosen treatment. 1. Psychoanalysis – poor early childhood experiences 2. Maternal deprivation 3. Inadequate superego – did not have same sex parent to identify with. Describe 5 details of how you would treat Jim using your preferred method. Try to access his unconscious Dream analysis Rorschach inkblot test Psychoanalysis to explore his early childhood Psychoanalysis to explore his desire to vandalise bus shelters – what do they represent to him?

Discuss how one or more individualistic theories of criminality may inform social policy towards one of the following. Drug use in teenagers Underage drinking Homelessness amongst young people Domestic violence Which ones could you use? Behavioural modification – giving rewards and punishments Psychoanalysis – talking to the criminal to understand how their past affects their behaviour

Drug use in teenagers Describe how your theory would reduce the behaviour (social policy) Behavioural approach Assumes drug use has been learnt Learnt to feel reward from taking drugs Need to reward clean days Person tested for drugs daily Given token for each clean day Can exchange token for amazon vouchers at end of month

Strengths Easy to understand Has been shown to be effective

Weaknesses of the Social Policy Expensive – have to reward clean days Time consuming – need to have daily tests Short-term – without the rewards the person will relapse Drug use may be biological and will not be altered through rewards– person is addicted Other factors might be more important e. g. friends