Abundance of Light Elements Spectral Analysis of Stars

Abundance of Light Elements Spectral Analysis of Stars & Galaxies shows that there is a large % of: l Hydrogen and Helium (99. 9 %) present in the universe today.

Abundance of Light Elements – Relative Abundance of Elements: Each number on the Y scale represents a power of 10. There is a large % (99. 9 %) of: Hydrogen and Helium C lines up with the 7. That means there is 10 X as much C as there is Si ( and 100 X as much C as Ar!! )

Abundance of Light Elements – Relative Abundance of Elements: Each number on the Y scale represents a power of 10. This means the relative abundance of H is more than 10, 000 X the relative abundance of Si!!! C lines up with the 7. That means there is 10 X as much C as there is Si ( and 100 X as much C as Ar!! )

Not surprisingly, these are the two smallest elements which we would expect to form from the protons and neutrons being thrown together during the Big Bang.

Edwin Hubble

Red Shift (Edwin Hubble - 1920 s) – l l The light spectrum of distant galaxies shows a distinct shift toward the red end of the spectrum. As the galaxies become more distant, the Red Shift becomes more pronounced.

DOPPLER EFFECT AND RED SHIFT Object moving away from you – red shift – Speeds have to be near the speed of light for the Doppler effect to be visible. Object coming towards you – blue shift (at very high speeds - 100 million mph)

Astronomy and the Doppler Shift l l l Astronomers can measure the Doppler Shift of a moving object (galaxy): If the galaxy is moving closer, waves will be compressed and will have a higher (“bluer”) frequency. If galaxy is moving away, waves in the signal will be stretched, and will have a lower (“redder”) frequency.

RED SHIFT OF LIGHT FROM DISTANT GALAXIES Very Distant Galaxy Nearby Star

Quantum Jump Diagrams for Hydrogen

Evidence for an expanding universe The spectrum of Hydrogen gas is the unique fingerprint of that element. H – Alpha line Hydrogen lamp Rest Wavelength – not moving at all

Evidence for an expanding universe When we see a repeat of the pattern we saw in the lab, we know Hydrogen is present. H – Alpha line Orion Nebula Nearby Wavelength

Evidence for an expanding universe We see the same repeating pattern of lines in a galaxy, but displaced to the red . H – Alpha line Galaxy UGC 12915 Middle Distance Wavelength

Evidence for an expanding universe The further away the galaxy is, the greater the shift to the red: H – Alpha line Galaxy UGC 12508 More Distant Wavelength

Evidence for an expanding universe The greater the red shift, the faster the galaxy is receding away. H – Alpha line Galaxy KUG 1750 Even More Distant Wavelength

Evidence for an expanding universe The red shift is caused by the expansion of space. H – Alpha line Galaxy KUG 1217 Great Distance Wavelength

Evidence for an expanding universe The red shift is evidence for an expanding universe H – Alpha line Galaxy IRAS F 09159 Greatest Distance Wavelength

Red Shift (Edwin Hubble - 1920 s) – l All but a handful of nearby galaxies show a Red Shift. l Shows that virtually all galaxies are moving away from Earth.

Red Shift (Edwin Hubble - 1920 s) – l l Shows that virtually all galaxies are moving away from Earth. The more distant a galaxy is, the faster it is moving, so all galaxies must be moving away from each other.

RED SHIFT of Light from Distant Galaxies fastest faster Very Distant Galaxy Moving away fast Nearby Galaxy Moving away slowly Nearby Star

Red Shift (Edwin Hubble - 1920 s) – Conclusion: The universe is expanding at incredible speeds (100 million mphnearly at the speed of light).

Red Shift (Edwin Hubble - 1920 s) – Conclusion: The universe is expanding at incredible speeds (nearly at the speed of light). Click here for Movie:

Discovered by Penzias & Wilson – 1960 s is everywhere in space It could only be caused by a huge thermonuclear-type detonation

CMBR has cooled down from the hotter cosmic rays and gamma rays of the Big Bang to the lower energy microwave radiation that we see everywhere in space today.

CMBR has stretched from the short, high frequency cosmic rays and gamma rays of the Big Bang to the long, low frequency microwave radiation that we see everywhere in space today.

Computer - generated maps of the universe using data from the COBE satellite (COsmic Background Explorer) show that l is present everywhere in the universe. (See next frame. )

This image shows us the very edge of outer space – 13. 7 billion light years away and comes from radiation that originated 13. 7 billion years in the past! We are looking at lumps of radiation that filled the universe in its very early infancy.

More recent images from the wmap satellite (2003 – 2010) show that the contains pockets of denser radiation that could have condensed into the early galaxies. l This lumpiness was predicted by the Big Bang Theory. l (See next frame. )