Absolutism and Constitutionalism Questions of the Day Daniel
Absolutism and Constitutionalism Questions of the Day Daniel W. Blackmon AP European History Coral Gables Sr. High
Identifications of the Day • • • L’etat, c’est moi! Absolutism Edict of Nantes Paulette généralités
Identifications of the Day • • • French Academy Raison d’etat Political Testament The Fronde Bishop Bossuet
Multiple Choice • The revolt against France’s increasingly centralized monarchy in 1648 -1652 is generally known as
Multiple Choice • • • A. B. C. D. E. The Mazarinade Colbertism The Fronde The siege of La Rochelle The Pazzi Conspiracy.
Multiple Choice • Louis XI (1461 -1583) is often credited with laying the foundations of French royal absolutism because of his
Multiple Choice A. . Establishment of the French Academy to set standards for written French • B. Creation of an autonomous French national church • C. Use of the royal decree to legislate administrative reforms
Multiple Choice • D. Suppression of the rights of French Huguenots • E. Expeditions to gain territory in the Italian peninsula
Multiple Choice Which of the following is true of Cardinal Richelieu (1585 -1642)? • A. He led the French church in opposition to the monarchy • B. He expelled the Huguenots from France.
Multiple Choice • C. He strengthened the intendant method of local government. • D. He effectively abolished the sale of offices and tax farming in France. • E. He supported the French nobility against the monarchy.
Multiple Choice • Which of the following was the primary cause of the Hapsburg Valois feud, which dominated European international politics in the sixteenth century?
Multiple Choice • A. The differences in the religious positions taken by the two families during the protestant Reformation • B. The refusal of Charles of Hapsburg to marry a Valois princess.
Multiple Choice C. Competition for colonies overseas • D. The conflicting political ambitions of the two families. • E. Clashing territorial interests in southern Germany.
Multiple Choice • The system of intendants was established in seventeenth century France primarily to • A. Empower the French nobility • B. Implement royal policies locally
Multiple Choice C. Make the peasantry return to the land D. Collect taxes from the towns E. Improve France’s ability to fight foreign wars.
Essay of the Day • In 1490 there was no such country as Spain, yet within a century it had become the most powerful nation in Europe and within another had sunk to the status of a third-rate power.
Essay of the Day • Describe and analyze the major social, economic, and political reasons for Spain’s rise and fall. AP 1993
Key Terms • • • “Describe and analyze” “Social” “Economic” “Political” “Rise and fall”
Rise: Political SFI • Reconquista • Union with the Hapsburgs (Charles V)
Rise: Political SFI • Exploration and conquest of New World • (Columbus, Cortes, Pizarro, Magellan)
Rise: Political SFI • Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis (leaves northern Italy under Spanish control) • Seizure of Portugal (and Portuguese empire)
Rise: Social SFI • • Religious unity Spanish Inquisition Torquemada Expulsion of moriscos
Rise: Social SFI • End of Reconquista left large numbers of veteran soldiers for use elsewhere
Rise: Social SFI
Rise: Economic SFI • • Wealth of the New World: Potosi Casa de Contratacion Wealth of the Low Countries— taxes and banking facilities
Rise: Economic SFI
Rise: Economic SFI
Fall: Social SFI • Impoverishment of the Castilian peasantry • Servicias • Expulsion of Moriscos and Jews: lack of a middle class
Fall: Social SFI • • Population decline Intellectual isolation and malaise Cervantes, Don Quixote Peasants driven off land by high taxes to become beggars in cities
Fall: Social SFI
Fall: Economic SFI • Decline in productivity of New World mines • Debasement of coinage • Bankruptcies in 1596, 1607, 1637, 1647, 1680
Fall: Economic SFI • Loss of the Dutch provinces and devastation of the Flemish provinces • Twelve Years’ Truce closes the Scheldt for Antwerp
Fall: Economic SFI • Grandees build up inefficient latifundia in Castile, raising sheep, crushing the peasantry with taxes.
Fall: Political SFI • • Dutch Revolt 1571 -1609 Spanish Armada 1588 Thirty Years’ War 1618 Revolts in Catalonia and Portugal 1640 • Treaty of the Pyrenees 1659
Fall: Political SFI • Philip II (r. 1559 -1567)– Overextended Spanish power with wars. • Philip III (r. 1598 -1622) • Duke of Lerma
Fall: Political SFI • Philip IV (r. 1622 -1665) • Count-Duke of Olivares • Charles II (r. 1665 -1700) – Stupidity and impotence leads to War of Spanish Succession and the beginning of the Spanish Bourbons
Identifications of the Day • • • Divine Right of Kings Canal des Deux Mers Versailles Jean Baptiste Colbert mercantilism
Identifications of the Day • • • “One King, one Law, one Faith. ” Molière Racine Jean Martinet Sèbastien de Vauban
Multiple Choice Louis XIV did which of the following to provide better protection for himself and to reduce the influence of the Paris mob?
Multiple Choice A. Built the Bastille B. Introduced religious instruction in the Parisian public schools C. Moved the government from Paris to Versailles
Multiple Choice D. Increased the number of soldiers stationed in Paris. E. Banned further internal migration from the countryside into Paris.
Multiple Choice Which of the following was an economic policy of Louis XIV’s finance minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert?
Multiple Choice • A. Raising money through internal tariffs • B. Encouraging international competition through lower tariffs and free-trade policies
Multiple Choice C. Establishing detailed manufacturing codes to improve the quality of French export goods D. Opening France’s colonies to foreign merchants and trade E. Reducing military spending
Multiple Choice The principal reason why Louis XIV (1643 -1713) built his palace at Versailles was to A. Tighten his control over the nobility B. Strengthen ties with the Huguenots
Multiple Choice C. Move the king’s residence nearer to the center of the country D. Provide thousands of jobs E. Absorb the excess revenue produced by mercantilist tax policies.
Multiple Choice In the second half of the seventeenth century, which of the following countries dominated European culture, politics, and diplomacy?
Multiple Choice A. B. C. D. E. England The Netherlands Russia France Prussia
Multiple Choice Colbert’s economic polices ran into difficulties chiefly because of the A. Relative poverty of France B. Loss of France’s colonial empire
Multiple Choice C. Wars of Louis XIV D. Abandonment of the salt tax E. Reckless spending by the nobility
Essay of the Day • Phillip II of Spain (1556 -1598) built the Escorial and Louis XIV of France (1643 -1715) built Versailles. Starting with the pictures of these palaces, below and on the next page,
Essay of the Day • analyze the similarities and differences in the conception and practice of monarchy of these two kings. AP 1988
Essay of the Day
Essay of the Day
Key Terms • • • “Starting with the pictures” “Analyze” “Similarities” “Differences” “Conception “Practice”
Philip II of Spain
Spain SFI: Conception • Strong, activist king • Emphasis on grandeur and glory • Centralized control
Spain SFI: Practice • Very hard-working • His own first minister • Court etiquette emphasized grandeur • Large bureaucracy; Casa de Contratacion
Spain SFI: Practice • Very active foreign policy, many wars • Wars lead to limited gains and bankruptcy
Spain SFI: Practice • Religious uniformity (culminating in expulsion of moriscos soon after his death) • Efforts to restore and defend Catholicism in Holland, England, and France
Spain SFI: Practice • Viceroys such as Margaret of Parma, Duke of Alba, Duke of Parma, Don John of Austria • Spain is still not fully unified; Castile, Valencia, Aragon, Catalonia
The Escorial • Built outside of Madrid to escape general populace • Administrative center • Monastery, mausoleum, residence and palace
Louis XIV
France SFI: Conception • Absolutist monarch; l’etat, c’est moi • Le roi soleil
France SFI: Practice • Very hard working • His own first minister • Court etiquette even more elaborate than Philip’s
Culture as Propaganda
France SFI: Practice • Bureaucracy: Councils of State, intendants • Ministers such as Colbert, Le Tellier, Martinet, Vauban • Mercantilism; internal improvements such as Canal des Deux Mers
France SFI: Practice • Encouraged industry such as rug and tapestry (Gobelin) , cloth (Abbeville) and lace (Chantilly)
France SFI: Practice • Patronage of the arts: French Classicism; • Lully, Charpentier, Couperin • Moliere, Racine, Corneille • Le Vau, Le Brun, Hardouin-Mansart • Poussin
France SFI: Practice • Une loi, une foi, un roi • Revocation of the Edict of Nantes • Suppression of Jansenists as well as Huguenots
France SFI: Practice Aggressive foreign policy (France’s “natural borders) leads to wars and virtual bankruptcy. • War of Devolution • War of the League of Augsburg • War of Spanish Succession
France SFI: Practice France remains a domain of estates, not a centralized state. The king’s authority (especially in taxing), while great, is still subject to restrictions.
Versailles • Built outside of Paris to avoid the mob • Shows forth glory • Forced residence of nobility
• Complex has churches, residences and administrative offices • More secular in design than El Escorial
Conclusions • Philip II and Louis XIV are much more similar than dissimilar • Louis XIV is more overtly secular, more concerned with glory than faith, and more involved in domestic improvements
Identifications of the Day • • • War of Devolution War of Spanish Succession Treaty of Utrecht Asiento John Churchill, Duke of Marlborough
Identifications of the Day • Gaspar de Guzman, Count-Duke of Olivares • Charles II of Spain • Constitutionalism • Gunpowder Plot • George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham
Multiple Choice
Multiple Choice The shaded areas on the map of early eighteenth century France shown above represent A. Lands controlled by peasants revolting against feudal obligations B. Territorial acquisitions during the reign of Louis XIV
Multiple Choice C. Land controlled by foreign rulers within the kingdom of France D. Huguenot strongholds that still existed after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes E. Former Spanish territories on the border of France.
Multiple Choice The Peace of Utrecht (1713 -1714) altered the balance of power in Europe by A. Checking French expansion. B. Decreasing Austrian territorial holdings.
Multiple Choice C. Decreasing England’s colonial empire. D. Granting sovereignty over Belgium to the Netherlands. E. Granting sovereignty to Spain’s New World colonies.
Multiple Choice In the eighteenth century all of the following were significant motives for wars EXCEPT A. Dynastic claims B. Balance of power considerations
Multiple Choice C. Commercial rivalries D. Religious differences E. Policies of territorial expansion.
Multiple Choice The French monarchy in the seventeenth century sought to expand France’s borders to its “natural frontiers” by gaining control of
Multiple Choice A. B. C. D. E. Schleswig-Holstein Milan Alsace Spain Tuscany.
Essay of the Day • Analyze the influence of theory of mercantilism on the domestic and foreign policies of France, 1600 -1715. AP 1995
Mercantilism • State directs the economy • Wealth measured by specie (gold and silver) • Favorable balance of trade • Colonies • Internal improvements
Mercantilism: Domestic • Colbert • Cloth industries (Abbeville, Carcassone) • Tapestry industry (Gobelin) • Lace industry (Chantilly)
Mercantilism: Domestic • State inspection and regulation of guilds • Encouraged emigration of foreign craftsmen • Tried to abolish domestic tariffs • Protective foreign tariffs
Mercantilism: Domestic • Internal improvements: Canal des Deux Mers
Mercantilism: Foreign • Colonies: Saint Domingue, Martinique, Guadalupe, Canada • Entry into the Slave Trade (Nantes) • French West Indies Company
Identifications of the Day • • • Enclosure Puritans “No bishop, no king. ” Archbishop William Laud Ship money
Multiple Choice Which of the following contributed to the economic decline of Spain in the seventeenth century?
Multiple Choice I The overexpansion of Spanish manufactures II The loss of a colonial empire III The debasement of the coinage IV The expulsion of the Moriscos
Multiple Choice A. B. C. D. E. I and II only II and III only III and IV only I, II, and III only I, III, and IV
Multiple Choice Which of the following best characterizes the Western European economy, as a whole, in the sixteenthcentury? A. Widespread unemployment B. Declining trade and commerce
Multiple Choice C. Technological breakthroughs in production D. Unrestricted trade among nations E. Spiraling inflation.
Multiple Choice Which of the following was a primary result of the Glorious Revolution of 1688? A. The establishment of universal male suffrage B. The restoration of Roman Catholicism to both England Scotland
Multiple Choice C. The limitation of monarchical power D. The execution of Charles I E. The triumph of Puritanism
Multiple Choice Between 1629 and 1639, Charles I of England tried to obtain revenues by all of the following means EXCEPT A. The levying of ship money B. Income from crown lands
Multiple Choice C. D. Forced loans The sale of monopolies E. Grants from Parliament
Multiple Choice In the late seventeenth-century, which of the following countries led continental Europe in shipbuilding, navigation, and commerce and banking?
Multiple Choice A. B. C. D. E. France Russia The Netherlands Denmark Spain
Essay of the Day • Analyze the ways in which both theory and the practice of monarchy evolved in England from 1603 (the death of Elizabeth I) to 1688 -89 (the Glorious Revolution). AP 1987
Key Terms • • • “Analyze” “Theory” “Practice” “Evolved” “ 1603 -1689”
Time Periods • • James and Charles I The Puritan Commonwealth The Restoration The Glorious Revolution
James and Charles I: Theory • James and Charles: Divine Right of Kings • Commons: Wanted sovereignty
James and Charles I: Practice • Quarrel with Parliament over taxes • Court extravagance and favorites: Buckingham • Sold titles, peerages, offices and monopolies to raise money
James and Charles I: Practice • Parliament: Impeached Francis Bacon – Principle of ministerial responsibility • Clash over marriage of Charles
James and Charles I: Practice • Gentry gaining in wealth – Enclosure • No stigma to paying taxes • Desired power in proportion to their wealth
James and Charles I: Practice • Puritanism: 10 % of population, 33% of gentry • Covenantal view of government • Wanted to abolish bishops, liturgy
James and Charles I: Practice • James: “No bishop, no king” • Charles I: Arminianism— emphasized ceremony, bishops, absolutism, royal authority • Archbishop William Laud
James and Charles I: Practice • • Forced loans Petition of Right “ship money” Book of Common Prayer in Scotland
James and Charles I: Practice
James and Charles I: Practice
James and Charles I: Practice
James and Charles I: Practice
James and Charles I: Practice
Puritan Commonwealth: Theory • Petition of Right – No taxation w/o Parliament – No billeting – Freedom for arbitrary arrest – No martial law in peacetime • Grand Remonstrance
Puritan Commonwealth: Practice • • • John Pym Oliver Cromwell New Model Army Presbyterians vs. Independents Lord High Protector
Puritan Commonwealth: Practice • Instrument of Government • Mercantilism • Navigation Act of 1651
Restoration: Theory • Charles II and James II • Test Act • The Cabal: cabinet government
Restoration: Practice • Charles a secret Catholic, James an open one • James jails bishops over Petition of Indulgence • Divine Right of Kings
Glorious Revolution: Theory • English Bill of Rights – Laws made by Parliament – Parliaments called every 3 years – Unhindered elections – Judges serve on good behavior – No standing armies
English Bill of Rights con’t • • No standing armies in peacetime Only Protestants may bear arms Freedom of worship for Protestants Monarch must be Protestant
John Locke • • Social Contract Right to life, liberty, and property Right to rebellion Economic liberty and political liberty linked • “Stake in society” Francishe based upon property
Glorious Revolution: Practice • • William and Mary Anne George I (r. 1714 -1727) George II (r. 1727 -1760)
Glorious Revolution: Practice • Constitutional monarchy and aristocratic government • Cabinet is responsible to Parliament • Sir Robert Walpole
Glorious Revolution: Practice • Walpole is the first Prime Minister • Both legislative and executive power held by ministers answerable to Parliament
Identifications of the Day • • • Petition of Right John Pym The Long Parliament Oliver Cromwell Thomas Hobbes
Multiple Choice Which of the following was an important consequence of the Glorious Revolution of 1688 -1689? A. Limits were put on the power of the English monarchy B. The franchise was expanded to members of the lower classes
Multiple Choice C. French influence in England was expanded D. Roman Catholicism was reintroduced into England E. England gained control of Spanish colonial possessions in the New World.
Multiple Choice After the defeat of King Charles I in the English Civil War and his execution in 1649, England was governed for a decade by
Multiple Choice A. A democratic republic with universal suffrage B. A commonwealth led by Oliver Cromwell and his son C. A constitutional monarchy under King James II
Multiple Choice D. The king of Scotland E. A parliamentary council dominated by egalitarians.
Multiple Choice The Dutch Republic rose to prominence in seventeenth-century Europe because of which of the following factors?
Multiple Choice A. B. C. D. E. Its agricultural innovations Its military strength Its literary creativity Its religious unity Its shipping and commerce.
Multiple Choice The principal reason England reverted to a monarchical form of government following the Interregnum of Oliver Cromwell lay in Cromwell’s
Multiple Choice A. Ineffective mercantilist policy B. Inability to establish broad popular support for his government. C. Inability to impose religious uniformity
Multiple Choice D. Ineffective foreign policy. E. Inability to control dissidents in the army.
Multiple Choice After the defeat of King Charles I in the English Civil War and his execution in 1649, England was governed for a decade by
Multiple Choice A. A democratic republic with universal suffrage B. A commonwealth led by Oliver Cromwell and his son
Multiple Choice C. A constitutional monarchy under King James II D. The king of Scotland E. A parliamentary council dominated by egalitarians.
Essay of the Day • In the seventeenth century, what political conditions accounted for the increased power of both the Parliament in England the monarchy in France? AP 1982
Key Terms • • • “Seventeenth century” “Political conditions” “Increased power” “Parliament” “Monarchy in France”
SFI: France • • • Wars of Religion Cardinal Richelieu Intendants Généralités Siege of La Rochelle
SFI: France • • • Cardinal Marazin The Fronde Louis XIV l’etat, c’est moi Le roi soleil
SFI: France • • • Une loi, une foi, un roi Revocation of the Edict of Nantes Construction of Versailles Colbert mercantilism
SFI: France • Martinet • Vauban • Le Tellier
SFI: England • • • Wealth of the gentry Gunpowder Plot James I “True Law” Impeachment of Francis Bacon
SFI: England • Charles I’s marriage to Henrietta Maria • Arminianism • Archbishop William Laud • No bishop, no king
SFI: England • • • Petition of Right Ship money Rebellion of the Scots Short Parliament John Pym
SFI: England • • • Long Parliament Irish Rebellion Cavaliers vs. Roundheads Oliver Cromwell New Model Army
SFI: England • • • Execution of Charles I Puritan Commonwealth Restoration Charles II Test Act
SFI: England • • The Cabal Cabinet government James II Declaration of Indulgence
SFI: England • • • Glorious Revolution William and Mary English Bill of Rights John Locke Second Treatise of Civil Government
Identifications of the Day • • • Mercantilism The Restoration The Test Act The Glorious Revolution English Bill of Rights
Identifications of the Day • Second Treatise of Civil Government • Sir Robert Walpole • United Provinces • Dutch East India Company
Multiple Choice According to theory of mercantilism, colonies should be A. Granted independence as soon as possible B. Acquired as markets and sources of raw materials
Multiple Choice C. Considered an economic burden for the colonial power. D. Used as settlement areas for surplus population. E. Encouraged to develop their own industries.
Multiple Choice Mercantilism was principally characterized by A. Government efforts to build a strong self-sufficient economy B. The efforts of the merchant class to influence policy by subsidizing the government
Multiple Choice C. Efforts by bankers and exporters to establish free trade D. The theory that gold and silver were not real wealth E. The view that labor ought to be able to seek its own market.
Multiple Choice All of the following are associated with the commercial revolution in early modern Europe EXCEPT
Multiple Choice A. An increase in the number of entrepreneurial capitalists B. The appearance of state-run trading companies C. A large influx of precious metals into Europe
Multiple Choice D. An expansion of the guild system E. A “golden age” for the Netherlands.
Essay of the Day • “In seventeenth-century England the aristocracy lost its privileges but retained its power; in seventeenth-century France the aristocracy retained its privileges but lost its power. ”
Essay of the Day • Assess the accuracy of this statement with respect to political events and social developments in the two countries in the seventeenth century. AP 1985
Key Terms • • Privileges Power Political Social
Class Exercise • Divide into your groups • I will designate your group as England or France • Each group must produce a thesis statement, and a list of SFI for both political and social factors • Ten minutes
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