Absolute Monarchs in Europe Section 1 Spains Empire

Absolute Monarchs in Europe

Section 1 -Spain’s Empire and European Absolutism

A Powerful Spanish Empire • Philip II– Son of Charles V – Inherited Spain, the Spanish Netherlands and Spain’s American colonies – Philip was shy, serious, deeply religious, and aggressive for the sake of his empire

A Powerful Spanish Empire • Philip II’s Empire– Controlled Portugal’s holdings, strongholds in Africa, India, and the East Indies – Received 1/4 th to 1/5 th of each ships treasure – Supported an army of 50, 000 – Defended and supported Catholicism against Muslims

Golden Age of Spanish Literature • During the 16 th and 17 th century Spain experienced a golden age in arts • El Greco– Means “the Greek” – Paintings represented the deep Catholic faith of Spain – Were often hard to understand • Diego Velazquez– His paintings reflected the pride of the Spanish monarchy

Golden Age of Spanish Literature • Don Quixote. Published in 1605 – Called the birth of the modern European novel – Written by Miguel de Cervantes – Story surrounds a poor man who read too many novels about kings, then went crazy

The Spanish Empire Weakens • Inflation and Taxes – Inflation-The decline in the value of money – Causes of Spanish inflation • Population had increased and due to the increased need for goods merchants raised prices • The value of the silver bullion had decreased

The Spanish Empire Weakens • Making Spain’s Enemies Rich – Spain bought most of their products from France, England the Netherlands – To finance their wars they borrowed money from German and Italian bankers

The Independent Dutch Prosper • The Netherlands won their independence from Spain in 1579 • They had the best banks and the best artists in Europe during the 1600’s • Rembrandt van Rijn– Painted wealthy middle-class merchants and groups • Famous works also included The Night Watch and a series of paintings about Jesus

The Independent Dutch Prosper • Dutch Trading Empire– Had the largest fleet of ships in the world • 4, 800 ships – Dutch East Indian Company • Dominated the spice trade and the Indian Ocean trade

Absolutism in Europe • Absolute Monarchs– Kings or Queens held all the power within their states boundaries • Divine Right– The belief that God created the monarch and monarchy to act as representatives of God

Section 2 -The Reign of Louis XIV

Religious Wars and Power Struggles • Henry IV– In 1589 became the 1 st king of the Bourbon dynasty in France – He was decisive, fearless in battle and a clever politician – Converted to Catholicism to make the people of France happy

Religious Wars and Power Struggles • Edict of Nantes– Declaration of religious tolerance that allowed the Huguenots to set up their own place of worship

Religious Wars and Power Struggles • Cardinal Richelieu– A strong minister appointed by Louis XIII to compensate for his weakness – Took two steps to increase the power of the Bourbon monarchy • Moved against the Huguenots – Felt Protestantism was an excuse for conspiracies against the Catholic Church • Sought to weaken the power of nobles

Writers Turn Towards Skepticism • Skepticism– The idea that nothing can ever be known for certain • To doubt was viewed as the first step to discovering the truth

Louis XIV Comes to Power • Louis XIV– Most powerful ruler in French History – Viewed the state and himself as one and the same – His goal was to become so strong that the nobles could never threaten him

Louis XIV Comes to Power • Intendants-Government agents who collected taxes and administered justice in France under Louis XIV • Jean Baptiste Colbert-Minister of France who believed they should be self sufficient – Fan of mercantilism – Gave tax breaks to French companies – Recognized how vital France’s colonies were in terms of receiving raw materials

Louis Fights Disastrous Wars • By 1660 France had a population of 20 million people • France’s army was superior to the other European Countries in: – The size of their army – Their training – Their weaponry

Louis Fights Disastrous Wars • The War of Spanish Succession– Lasted from 1701 to 1714 – Charles II of Spain had promised the throne to France’s Philip of Anjou – England, Austria, Dutch Republic, Portugal and several German and Italian states joined forces to prevent the union of the France and Spain thrones

Louis Fights Disastrous Wars • The War of Spanish Succession – Treaty of Utrecht-Stated that Philip could remain king of Spain as long as both thrones remained separate – England emerges as the big winner • They captured the fort at Gibraltar • Received permission to send slaves to Spain’s American colonies • England also received Nova Scotia and Newfoundland (In modern day Canada)

Louis Fights Disastrous Wars • Louis’ Death and His Legacy – Positive Effects: • France ranked as the best European country in terms of art, literature, and statesmanship • Strongest military power in Europe – Negative Effects: • The Palace of Versailles plunged France into debt • There was resentment over high taxes and Louis’ abuse of power

Section 3 -Central European Monarchs Clash

The Thirty Years’ War • The Thirty Years’ War – A conflict over religion, territory, and power among European ruling families that lasted from 1618 to 1648. • It can be broken down into two parts – The Hapsburg Triumphs – The Hapsburg Defeats

The Thirty Years’ War • The Hapsburg Triumphs – Hapsburg armies from Austria and Spain crushed Protestant forces in Germany and those hired by princes as well as the Czech uprising – Ferdinand II paid his 125, 000 man army by allowing them to loot the areas they attacked

The Thirty Years’ War • The Hapsburg Defeats– 1630 Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden and his 23, 000 man army drove the Hapsburg army out of Germany – 1635 Cardinal Richelieu sent French troops to help German and Swedish protestants fighting the Hapsburgs

The Thirty Years’ War • Peace of Westphalia-1648 – Weakened the Hapsburg states of Austria and Germany – Awarded France German territory – Made German princes independent of the Holy Roman Empire – Ended religious wars in Europe – Created a method of negotiations for reaching peace

States Form in Central Europe • Economic contrasts in the West – Serfs in the west moved to towns and gained economic power through the development of capitalism – The aristocracy in Central Europe passed laws to restrict the serfs ability to gain freedom • The Ottoman Empire and Holy Roman Empire had been severely weakened by the 1600’s

Persia Challenges Austria • Frederick “The Great”– Loved music, philosophy and poetry – His father feared he wasn’t militarily savvy enough to rule – When he and his friend ran away his punishment was to watch his friends beheading – He encouraged religious tolerance, legal reform and felt a king should act like a father to his people

Persia Challenges Austria • The Seven Years’ War– 1756 Frederick attacked Saxony as a result all major European powers were now at war • • Britain and Prussia on one side Austria, France, and Russia on the other The war was fought in Europe, India and North America The War ended in 1763 with no major territorial changes

European Monarchs Timeline Directions: Please create a timeline the included 9 important dates (3 from each section) from Chapter 21 Sections 1 -3. Make sure to include a sentence with each date explaining it’s importance.

European Monarchs Timeline

Section 4 -Absolute Rulers of Russia

The First Czar • Boyars-Russia’s land owning nobles • Czar-Russian term for Caesar • Ivan “The Terrible”– The years 1547 to 1560 are referred to as his “Good Period” • • He won great victories Added new land to Russia Created a code of law Ruled Justly

The First Czar • Ivan’s “Bad Period” – He blamed the boyars of poisoning his wife Anastasia – Created a police force to hunt down and kill those he considered traitors – He gave the boyar’s estates to nobles he considered loyal to him – In 1581 Ivan killed his oldest son during a violent fight

Peter the Great Comes to Power • Peter “The Great”– One of Russia’s greatest reformers – Ruled from 1696 to 1725 • “Great Embassy”-Peters long visit to Western Europe – Peter’s goals were to learn about European customs and manufacturing techniques

Peter Rules Absolutely • Religious differences widened the gap between Europe and Russia – Russians practiced Eastern Orthodox Christianity – Western Europeans were either Catholic or Protestant • Westernization- Peter’s goal of using western Europe as a model for change in Russia – This included a 200, 000 man army paid for by heavy taxes

Peter Rules Absolutely • Peter’s plan for Westernizing Russia – Introduced potatoes – Started Russia’s first news paper – Raised the social status of women by inviting them to social gatherings – Ordered nobles to wear western fashion – Introduced school that taught the arts, science and navigation • St. Petersburg was built as Russia’s new capital city

Section 5 -Parliament Limits the English Monarchy

Monarchs Defy Parliament • Charles I– Took the throne in 1625 – Always seemed to need money b/c he was at war with Spain and France – Signed the Petition of Right but ignored it

Monarchs Defy Parliament • Petition of Right– The king would not imprison subjects w/out due cause – No taxes w/out Parliament’s consent – Soldiers would not be housed in private homes – Martial law would not be imposed during peace time

English Civil War • English Civil War-1642 to 1649 – Parliament had passed laws to limit royal power and Charles I tried to have Parliamentary leaders arrested • Cavaliers or Royalists = Those loyal to King Charles • Puritans = Supporters of Parliament • Ended with the beheading of Charles I – First time a reigning monarch had faced a public trial and execution

English Civil War • Oliver Cromwell– By 1645 Cromwell’s New Model Army had began defeating the Cavaliers – In 1647 they captured King Charles and took him prisoner • Charles's was found guilty of treason and beheaded – 1649 Cromwell abolished the monarchy and established a commonwealth • Laws that supported puritan morality abolished sinful activities such as theatre, sporting events and dancing

Restoration and Revolution • Restoration– Period of time in which the monarchy was restored under Charles II • Habeas Corpus– Passed in 1679 this law gave prisoners' a written guarantee that they would be brought before the judge to specify their charges

Restoration and Revolution • Glorious Revolution– The bloodless overthrow of King James II in 1688 • Seven members of Parliament invited William and Mary to overthrow James • The goal was to overthrow him for the sake of Protestantism – James fled to France when William invaded

Limits on Monarch’s Power • Constitutional Monarchy– Laws limited the power of rulers – Parliament became William and Mary’s partner in governing • Cabinet– Ministers/officials acting in the rulers name but truly represented the major party in Parliament • This was the link between the monarch and the major Parliamentary party

Limit’s on Monarch’s Power • Bill of Rights– Drafted in 1689 it was designed to clarify the limits of royal power – Listed what the ruler could not do • No suspending parliament’s laws • No levying taxes without a grant from parliament • No interference with Parliament’s freedom of speech • No penalty for citizens who used petition to bring their grievances to the king

Chapter 21 Review Terms