About this learning material Using this learning material

About this learning material Using this learning material or ‘Programme’ you can learn the following four topics related to English grammar: Adjectives: definition, meaning, types of adjectives Degree of Comparisons: Positive Degree, Comparative Degree and Superlative Degree , transformation of degrees Change the Voice: Active voice, Passive voice, their rules applied in the different types of sentences Direct-Indirect Speech:

� You may think that this is just another textbook on ‘English Grammar’. No, it is not just a textbook or Series of Question Answers. � By reading this programme carefully, you learn about English Grammar’ yourself. You do not require a teacher to teach you. � Every one of you has a copy of the programme, you would read and learn at your own speed. � When a teacher teaches you or when you try to learn by reading textbooks, it is possible that after much has been covered you realize that you have not understood anything. However, such a situation never arises in this programme . As after each step you come to know whether you have understood the point or not.

�The programme contains a number of small units called ‘frames’. Each frame presents some information and includes a question, which you have to answer. The correct answer to each question is given immediately below it. �Although there are questions and answers, the programme is ‘not a test’. Through question & answer, the material has been organized in logical steps so that it is easy for you to learn by yourself.

HOW TO LEARN USING THIS PROGRAMME: �Read the programme at your own speed. �Read each frame carefully & thoroughly so that you properly understand the question asked in it. �While reading the programme, you will come across certain words underlined. Study these words carefully as they may help you in answering the questions that come afterwards. �Do not write anything in the programme. Write the answers for the frames in the answer sheet.

�Since you have to answer a question in every frame, you would naturally be interested in knowing whether your answer is correct or not. Therefore, the correct answer is given immediately below the frame. You should keep the correct answer covered with the card provided for this purpose until you have written your own answer to the frame in the answer sheet. �After writing your answer, you move the card & compare your answer with the correct answer. You will find that you are right almost all the time. If your answer is wrong, read the frame again & understand why you are wrong, & then go to the next frame.

�Now you may start reading the programme.

ADJECTIVES

You are familiar with the word Noun. Your name, your father’s name, your mother’s name, your friend’s name, all is the examples of noun. For e. g. Bhavika, Gunjan’ Riya Survesh, and Mayank these all are nouns. These all are names of particular boy & girl. These are Proper Nouns. �Asoka was a great king. In this sentence, the word ‘Asoka’ is a P-------Noun. Proper

� 2) You know that the words such as- girl, boy, school, pen, pencil, chair, table, and bottle are nouns. These nouns are used commonly to the members of that class. For e. g. pen It may be red, blue, black, or ball or ink pen. If I say you, “give me a pen”. You will give me any type of pen. It means that a pen is a common noun. Asoka was a great king. In this sentence Asoka is a proper noun& king is a c------- noun. common

� 4 ) Examine the following sentences: � This is a house. �This is an old men house. �Now answer the question: � Whose house is it? Old men

5) The sentence ‘This is a house. ’ does not give any information about the noun house. But in second sentence word “old men” describes the house. We may say that the word, which describes the noun, is an ------- adjective

6) Pick out the adjectives �This is an interesting book. interesting �These flowers are beautiful. �This is a drawing paper. beautiful, �There is little time for preparation. drawing little

7) Examine the following sentences : �Riya has cousins. �Riya has five cousins. �Answer the question: How many cousins have Riya? � Answer is ------ five

� 8) The word “five” shows the number of cousins. It also describes the noun cousins. We may say that the word, which tells number of the nouns, is as an adjective. In the above sentence, Riya has five cousins. In this sentence the “five” is an ----- adjective

� 9) Pick out the adjectives: �I ate some rice. some � Sunday is the first day of the week. first, � He ate two cutlets. �Her weight is 90 k. g. two 90

10) Examine the following sentences: �Mayank does not like toy. �Mayank does not like that toy. � Which toy does Mayank not like? Answer is ------- that

� 11) Mayank does not like that toy. In this, sentence that points out which girl is meant. � We may say that the word, which point out the noun is as an adjective. In above sentence that is an -----. adjective

12)Thus, we may define: A word used with a noun to describe, or to point out, the person or to tell the number or quantity, is called as an adjective.

13) Examine the following sentences: �Survesh likes a cat. �Survesh likes a pussycat. �Now answer the question: Which cat does survesh like? � Answer is -------------. pussycat

14 ) Survesh likes a pussycat. � In this example “pussy” is used for a cat. Cat is an (animal / human) animal

� 15) The word P ussy is used to describe the quality of a cat. So the word P ussy is known as an----- adjective

� 16) Read the following sentence: �Riya has five puppies. � Answer the question: How many puppies have Riya? �Your answer is ------- five

17 ) The word five tells the number of puppies. The word five is known as an ------ adjective

18)From above examples we may say that an adjective is used to describe ------ ( animal / inanimate) animal

� 19) Examine the following sentences. �Bhopal is a city. Bhopal is a city of Lakes. � Answer the question: �What kind of city Bhopal is ? �Answer is --------- Lakes

� 20) Read the following sentence. �Bhopal is a City of Lakes. In this sentence Bhopal is a (place/ animal) place

� 21) Our school has visited five villages. In this sentence, Five shows the number of villages. It means it is used to tell the number of noun village. Village is a ( place / animal) place

We may say that the adjective is use to describe places.

22) Examine the following sentences. �He has little Intelligence. �He has no sense. �Intelligence & Sense is NOUN OR PRONOUN. NOUN

23) Beauty, sweetness, childhood, love, justice are nouns. They are the name of some qualities. Therefore, they have no material form. They cannot seen or touch. We can know of them only through our mind. These nouns are --------- ABSTRCT NOUNS

ABSTRCT NOUNS 24) Intelligence& sense are ----------- nouns.

We may say that an adjective is used to describe an abstract noun. 25)

26) Examine the following sentences: �He has lost ALL his wealth. �Bhavika ate NO bread. �Underlined adjectives describe : (abstract/ material) nouns. material

27) THUS, WE MAY DEFINIE: “A WORD USED WITH NOUN TO DESCRIBE OR POINT OUT, THE PERSON, ANIMAL, PLACE OR THING WHICH THE NOUN NAMES OR TO TELL THE NUMBER IS CALLLED -- ---------. an adjective

� 28) Let us Examine following examples�A brave boy, � An intelligent child, �A poor man, An ink pen, �A clever girl. � A meritorious student �In above sentence the words -brave, poor, clever, intelligent, ink & meritorious are known as an -------- adjectives

� 29) If you ask the question ‘what kind of’? ’ to the above examples, you will get the answer. For e. g. What kind of student is he? Answer is meritorious. It shows the quality of students.

30) Brave, poor, clever & ink show the quality of nouns. So these types of adjective are known as adjectives of Q------ Qualit y

� 31) Let us Examine following examples: �A large city , � A metropolitan city , � The beautiful garden , � A crowded area �These adjectives describe the quality of (places / person). places

� 32) In the above examples, adjectives such as beautiful, marvelous, muddy, crowded &dangerous describe the quality of places. Therefore, these adjectives are �adjectives of ----- Quality

� 33) Let us Examine following examples: � BLACK belt , � WHITE paper, � CURLY hairs, � FAIR complexion �You know that these CAPATALISED words are adjectives. These adjectives describe things/person. (Choose the correct one) thing s

� 34) In above example adjectives such as black, white, curly& fair describe the quality of things. So these adjectives are also called adjectives of --------- Quality

35) THUS, WE MAY DEFINIE THAT ADJECTIVES OF QUALITY SHOW THE KIND OR QUALITY OF PERSONS OR THINGS OR PLACES. ADJECTIVES OF QUALITY ANSWER THE QUESTION “OF WHAT KIND? ”

36) Let us Examine following examples: Radhika eats much sugar. How much sugar does Radhika eat? � 37)Bhavika eats little sugar. How much sugar does Bhavika eat? 38)Madhulika eats some sugar. How much sugar does Madhulika eat? 39) Monika eats no sugar. How much sugar does Monika eat? much littl e some no

40) The words MUCH, LITTLE, SOME, NO, & ALL show the (quality of noun / quantity of noun. ) quality of noun

41) From above examples, we come to know that if we ask the question ‘HOW MUCH’ to the noun & if we get the answer than it is a (quantitative/ qualitative) adjective. quantitati ve

42) THUS, WE MAY DEFINE THAT QUANTITATIVE ADJECTIVE SHOWS Q------ OF A THING QUANTITY

43) Read the following sentences: �Sushi ate some RICE � Prachi ate no BREAD. �Rushi has lost all his WEALTH. �CAPATALISED nouns are plural. singular / singular

44) Rice, bread , wealth & sugar are known as ( material noun / non material noun) material noun

� 45) Examine following examples: �Rushi showed much PATIENCE. �Ruchi has little INTELLIGENCE. Capitalized nouns are called (abstract nouns/material nouns. ) abstract nouns

� 46) Thus, we can conclude : a) Adjectives of quantity follow by (singular/plural) nouns. singular / nonb) Adjectives of quantity follow by (material) nouns. c) Adjectives of quantity follow by (abstract/ material proper) nouns. abstract

47) Now read the following sentence and PICK OUT THE ADJECTIVE and write whether they are QUALITATIVE or QUANTITATIVE adjective: a) This is a difficult problem. b) She was the former prime minister. c) There are not enough sugar. d) Are there any mango trees in this garden? e) Some boys are clever.

� 1) difficult –qualitative � 2) former- qualitative � 3) enough-quantitative � 4)any - quantitative � 5) some- quantitative, clever – qualitative

48) Examine following examples: �The hand has FIVE fingers. � Abijeet sings TWO songs. The adjectives five, two, show (number/quantity. ) number

�It is morning now, & the train takes TWELVE hours to arrive in Bhopal. �Amar works SEVEN hours a day. The adjectives twelve, seven show (number/quantity. ) number

� 50) Read the following sentences and write the answers. �a))The hand has five fingers. How many fingers does hand has? b)Abhijeet sings two songs. five How many songs does Abhijeet sing? c)It is morning now, & the train takes twelve hours to two arrive in Bhopal. How many hours does train take to arrive? d)Amar works seven hours a day. How many hours does Amar work? twelve seven

51) You know that adjective FIVE, TWO, TWELVE &, SEVEN, shows number. So these adjectives are known as adjective of N-----. Number 52) Adjective of Number gives the answer of the question : How many

� 53) Look at the following sentences: �Abdul won the SECOND prize. �My uncle lives in the NEXT house. CAPITALISED words show the position or order of things in a series. The words first, second, third, next, etc. . . Are known as -------- adjectives Numeric al

54) Read the following sentences. � All men are mortal. � SEVERAL students came. � SOME children die in there childhood. These capitalized words are also called ------adjective. Numeric al

55) They show number of people. However, it is not show an exact figure but give the answer of ‘how many? ’ therefore these words are called NUMARICAL ADJECTIVES.

� 56) Read the following sentences and state type of adjectives. i) I ate some rice. (Adjective of Quantity / Adjective of Number) Adjective of Quantity � ii) Some boys are clever. (Adjective of Quantity / Adjective of Number) Adjective of Number � -iii) He has lost all his wealth. (Adjective of Quantity / Adjective of Number) � iv) All men must die. (Adjective of Quantity / Adjective of of Number) Quantity Adjective of Number

57) Read the following sentences. � THIS boy stood first in our class. � THAT tree is a Christmas tree. Look at this underline words ‘This &that’. This & That point out which person or thing is meant.

� 58) Read the following sentences. THESE trees are useful for medicine. THOSE boys must be punished. The words THESE & THOSE also point out which person or thing is meant. Synonymous for ‘pointing out’ is ‘Demonstrative. ’

� 59) From above examples, you may understand that -- ------, --------&------- pointed the noun exactly. This, that, these those

60) Thus, you may define, when a person or a thing is point out exactly, the adjective is called Definite D--------Demonstrati ve

61). He repeated SAME thing two or three times. In above sentences ‘SAME’, used to point out thing but this word do not point out exact person or thing. Therefore, this adjective is Indefinite D--------- Demonstrativ e b) He gave me the choice of CERTAIN books. In above sentences ‘CERTAIN’, used to point out noun but this word do not point out exact person or thing. Therefore, this adjective is Indefinite D-------- c) SUCH a man should be admired. In above sentences ‘SUCH’, used to point out noun but this word do not point out exact person or thing. Therefore, this adjective is Indefinite --------- Demonstrativ e Demonstrative

62) From above examples, you understand that there are two types of Demonstrative adjectives. �They are 1) ------ Definite 2) --------- Demonstrative, Indefinite demonstrative

63) Choose the correct alternative a) This is a book. (DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVE or DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN b)This book is mine. (DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVE or DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN) c) This is a girl. (DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVE or DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN d) This girl is very smart. (DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVE or DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN

� 1) DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN � 2) DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVE � 3)DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN � 4)DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVE

� 64) Read the following sentences Which FLOWER do you like best? What TIME is it? Whose SHIRT is this? CAPITALIZED words are Noun/ Adjective Noun

65) WHICH, WHAT & WHOSE are Interrogative words. These words are use before noun to make inquiry about noun. When these words are used before noun to ask question is known as an I---------- adjective. Interrogative

66) a) Read the following sentences carefully and state is it an Interrogative adjective? What time is it? (yes/No) Which is your pen? (yes/No) Which pen do you prefer? (yes/No) yes No yes

67) Pick out adjective in the following sentence & write their type. a) All the teachers are wise. b) We are three brothers. c) What factors make small children watch T. V. ads? d) There is not much milk left in the pot. e) Thank you for your warm welcome. f) These mangoes are sweet.

a) All - Numerical adjective, b) b) three –Numerical adjective c) What –Interrogative adjective, small -Qualitative , T. V. - Qualitative d) much – Quantitative, e) warm- Qualitative , f) These - Demonstrative