About 10 000 years ago People changed from

§About 10, 000 years ago §People changed from nomadic hunting & gathering to growing food §Cause: people learned how to grow food & domesticate animals §Effect: Permanent homes & villages in River Valleys, Social classes emerged

§ 1096 -1291 §Christians waged series of holy wars against Muslims for control of the Holy Land §Causes: Seljuk Turks took control of Jerusalem. Pope calls on Christians of Europe to recapture Holy Land §Effects: Cultural diffusion, Europe exposed to new ideas & products, increased Trade, Persecution of Christians, Muslims, & Jews

§ 1400’s §Rebirth of classical culture & learning beginning in Italian City- States §Cause: Wealthy Italian City-States, monarchs, & artisans, Greek & Roman influence, Population rebound, Humanism, Secularism, Printing Press §Effects: Golden age of Arts, Literature, & Science, authority of the church questioned, Da. Vinci, Michelangelo, Shakespeare, etc.

§Late 1400’s §European monarchs competed for new trade routes & lands §Causes: Search for new trade routes, advanced technology, missionaries, desire for new products §Effects: Cultural diffusion, New world, colonization, Columbian exchange, rivalries §Columbus, Magellan, Da GAma

§Renaissance through 1700’s §Rejection of traditional authority in favor of direct observation §Causes: Curiosity inspired by renaissance& exploration §Effects: Scientific method, use of Human Reasoning, questioning previous thought, advances in medicine, mathematics, & astronomy, Law of Gravity, Enlightenment §Copernicus, Galileo, Newton

§ 1517 §Challenging the Church’s authority leads to division §Cause: Martin Luther’s 95 Theses protesting the sale of indulgences §Effects: Ended Religious unity in Europe, formation of Protestantism, religious wars between Catholics & protestants, Counterreformation, religious persecution, rise of royal power

§ 1700’s §Intellectual movement also known as the Age of Reason §Causes: Scientific Revolution (Reasoning), Applied Scientific to understand people & improve society §Effects: Inspired a belief in personal freedom & equality, Challenged long held beliefs, Laid the foundations for modern governments, Inspired Revolutions, Reforms of society, Nationalism

§ 1789 -1799 §Revolution overthrows the Old Regime (Estates) §Causes: Inequality among classes, unfair tax system, Bankrupt government, enlightenment ideas, weak ruler §Effects: Decline in French Power, Spread of Enlightenment ideas, Growth of Nationalism, Spread of Democratic ideas, Revolutions in Europe & Latin America

§Began in the 1750’s in England (natural Resources) §Means of production shifted from hand tools to complex machine, Innovations in power( End of domestic system) §Cause: Agrarian Revolution, Population Explosion, Energy Revolution §Effects- Mass production, Urbanization, imperialism, Socialism, rise of capitalism, Trade Unions, reform laws, New class structure, upset balance of power

§ 1914 -1919 Allies vs. Central Powers §Causes: MANIA §Effects: New Technology/ Mass Death & destruction/famine §Huge War debts/reparations §End of major empires §Treaty of Versailles leads to WWII

§ 1917 §Change from Czarist Rule to democracy to Communism §Cause: Economic differences, Tsarist rule, Pogroms, Russification Russo -Japanese War , WWI §Effects: Czar abdicates, Provisional government, Lenin “Peace, Bread , Land” Leads to communist government, Czar executed, NEP, Civil War, Stalin

§ 1939 -1945 §Axis Powers vs. Allied Powers §Causes: Harshness of Treaty of Versailles, Rise of Dictators, Failure of League of Nations & Appeasement, Nazi & Japanese Aggression, §Effects: Defeat of Dictatorships, decline of colonialism, Atomic bomb, Holocaust, The UN, Rise of Superpowers & the Cold War

§ 1945 -1991 §Years of Tension/competition US vs. , USSR, No direct Confrontation § Causes-Differing political & Economic ideologies, Soviet domination of Europe §Effects-Vietnam, Korea, Cuba, Space, Berlin Wall & Arms Race, NATO, Warsaw Pact, Collapse of Communism & the USSR

§After 1940 §Aimed @ developing better food production in developing countries § Cause: World Hunger & malnutrition, population increasing quicker than food supply §Effect: New high yield crops & fertilizers, Advances continue

§Late 20 th Century §Continuous progress in science & technology §Cause- Scientific advancement §Effect: Computer Revolution, Automation, advances in medicine, Transportation, & communication, Space exploration