ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY SIXTEENTH EDITION James N Butcher Jill
ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY, SIXTEENTH EDITION James N. Butcher/ Jill M. Hooley/ Susan Mineka Chapter 12 Sexual Variants, Abuse, and Dysfunctions © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Sociocultural Influences on Sexual Practices and Standards Important points! Some aspects of sexuality are universal; others are quite variable Sexual attitudes vary greatly across cultures and across time © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Sociocultural Influences on Sexual Practices and Standards Cases on upcoming slides exemplify variety of sexual standards © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Case 1: Degeneracy and Abstinence Theory Degeneracy theory (1750 s) Semen loss cause men to lose masculine characteristics Abstinence theory (1830 s) Masturbation threatened public health and caused insanity © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Case 2: Ritualized Homosexuality in Melanesia Male initiation rituals Young males exchange semen with each other Ritualized homosexuality is practiced in some societies in Melanesia © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Ingested semen protective against “female pollution”
Case 3: Homosexuality and American Psychiatry Up to 1970, homosexuality widely regarded as sickness Current evidence shows that homosexuality is compatible with psychological normality Homosexuality is no longer listed as a disorder in the DSM-5 © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Gender Dysphoria Paraphilias Causal factors Treatments Gender identity disorders © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Paraphilias Can be diagnosed even if person does not experience distress or impairment • Group of persistent sexual behavior patterns in which unusual objects, rituals, or situations are required to fulfill sexual satisfaction © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Paraphilias Fetishism : arousal by non living object Transvestic fetishism : arousal by cross-dressing Paraphilias Voyeurism: “peeping Tom” Exhibitionism: indecent exposure Sadism : arousal by pain to others Masochism : arousal by pain to self Pedophilia Frotteurism © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Causal Factors and Treatments for Paraphilias Causal factors © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Gender: mainly males Multiple paraphilias
Causal Factors and Treatments for Paraphilias • True or false? – Other than sex offenders, most people with paraphilias do not seek treatment © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Gender Dysphoria • Discomfort with assigned gender or sex-relevant physical characteristics © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Gender Dysphoria Boys – Homosexuality Common outcomes Girls – May lead to homosexuality but only small studies done © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Gender Dysphoria Transsexuals Autogynephilia • Adults with gender dysphoria who want to change their sex • Paraphilia characterized by man’s sexual arousal at thought of being a woman © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Gender Dysphoria Surgical sex reassignment typically effective Treatment Psychotherapy is usually not effective © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Sexual Abuse Childhood sexual abuse Pedophilia Sexual abuse Incest Rape Treatment and recidivism of offenders © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Childhood Sexual Abuse Prevalence : <5% to 30+% Short- and long-term negative consequences Children’s testimony and recovered memories of sexual abuse © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Pedophilia • Adult has recurrent, intense sexual urges or fantasies about sexual activity with prepubescent child © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Pedophilia Almost all pedophiles are male (priests) © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Two-thirds of victims are female
Incest • Culturally prohibited sexual relations between family members © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Incest Prevalence and incidence © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Universal taboo Incidence unclear due to non-reporting
Rape • Sexual activity involving actual or threatened forcible coercion © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Rape Prevalence Definition used: 5 -13% Statistics © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 12. 1: Age of Rape and Sexual Assault Victims © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Rape What do you think? Is rape motivated by sex or aggression? © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Rape Potential consequences Physical trauma Psychological trauma Post-traumatic stress disorder © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Who Commits Rape? Can you fill in the blanks? ____ commit only a small fraction of all rapes Most rapes are committed by ____ 60% of all rapists are under ____ years of age © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Treatment and Recidivism of Sex Offenders Did you know? Sex offenders with deviant sexual preferences have high rates of recidivism (those attracted to children) © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Recidivism rates for rape and sexually deviant behavior decrease with age
Sex offenders’ therapy goals Treatment and Recidivism of Sex Offenders To modify patterns of sexual arousal To modify cognitions and social skills to allow more appropriate sexual interactions with adult partners To change habits and behavior that increase the chance of reoffending To reduce sexual drive © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Treatment and Recidivism of Sex Offenders Psychological therapies Aversion therapy Covert sensitization/assisted covert sensitization Cognitive restructuring Social-skills training © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Treatment and Recidivism of Sex Offenders Treatments © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. • Biological and surgical • Hormone therapy and cognitivebehavioral combination
• Biological and surgical treatments may include: • Antidepressant medications • Castration (surgical or “chemical” via hormones) • Many treatment programs use a combination of hormone therapy and cognitive-behavioral treatments © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Sexual Dysfunctions Sexual dysfunction • Impairment in desire for sexual gratification and/or ability to achieve it © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Sexual Dysfunctions Desire phase Excitement phase Four human sexual response phases Orgasm Resolution © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Male Sexual Dysfunctions Erectile disorder Hypoactive sexual desire disorder • Little or no sex drive or interest • May be based on anxiety about sexual performance or physiological dysfunction. Affects ½ males at least on temporary basis Early ejaculation disorder • Persistent and recurrent orgasm and ejaculation with little sexual stimulation © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Delayed ejaculation disorder • Inability to ejaculate during intercourse
Female Sexual Dysfunctions Female sexual interest/arousal disorder Genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder • Low sexual desire and low sexual arousal. New to DSM-5 but likely to be most common • Genital pain during intercourse with muscle tension and fear and anxiety related to genital pain or penetrative sexual activity © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Female orgasmic disorder • Persistent or recurrent delay in, or absence of, orgasm following normal sexual excitement phase
Unresolved Issues How harmful is childhood sexual abuse? Some researchers have questioned the conventional belief that it is very harmful Findings, methodology, and implications are controversial © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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