ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY SIXTEENTH EDITION James N Butcher Jill
ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY SIXTEENTH EDITION James N. Butcher/ Jill M. Hooley/ Susan Mineka Chapter 2 Historical and Contemporary Views of Abnormal Behavior © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Historical Views of Abnormal Behavior Egyptian surgery and prayers Ancient Treatment Stone Age trephining © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Demonology, Gods, and Magic Abnormal behavior due to possession by good or evil spirits Early Writings Chinese, Egyptians, Hebrews, and Greeks © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Hippocrates’ Early Medical Concepts Proposing that mental disorders had natural causes Categorizing disorders as mania, melancholia, or phrenitis Associating dreams and personality © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Plato (429– 347 B. C. ) Early Philosophical Conceptions of Consciousness Viewed psychological phenomena as responses of the whole organism Emphasized individual differences and sociocultural influences Discussed hospital care © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Aristotle Early Philosophical Conceptions of Consciousness Wrote lasting description of consciousness © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Later Greek and Roman Thought Egyptians proposed wide range of therapeutic measures Roman medicine focused on comfort Galen provided anatomy of nervous system © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Early Views of Mental Disorders in China One of earliest foci on mental disorders Emphasis on natural causes Chung Ching: “Hippocrates of China” Incorporation of ideas from Western psychiatry in last 50 years © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Views of Abnormality During the Middle Ages Fear of witchcraft now questioned Middle East had scientific approach Europe was plagued with mass madness and treatment included exorcism © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Toward Humanitarian Approaches Resurgence of Scientific Questioning in Europe Establishment of Early Asylums Humanitarian Reform Nineteenth Century Views of Causes and Treatments of Mental Disorders Changing Attitudes Toward Mental Health in Early Twentieth Century Mental Hospital Care in Twenty. First Century © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Renaissance The Resurgence of Scientific Questioning in Europe Led to resurgence of scientific questioning in Europe Part of humanism movement © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Establishment of Early Asylums Sixteenth Century Establishment of early asylums Prisons or storage places with filthy conditions and cruel patient treatment © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Humanitarian Reform France Philippe Pinel England William Tuke America Benjamin Rush Dorothy Dix © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Nineteenth-Century Views of Mental Disorders Alienists Gained control of asylums © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Touted morality as important to good mental health
Changing Attitudes Toward Mental Health in the Early Twentieth Century Clifford Beers Described own mental collapse in A Mind That Found Itself © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Began campaign for reform
Mental Hospital Care in the Twenty-First Century 1940: most mental hospitals inhumane and ineffective 1946: National Institute of Mental Health 1946: Ward published The Snake Pit © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 1963: Community Health Services Act 1946: Hill– Burton Act
The Emergence of Contemporary Views of Abnormal Behavior Recent changes • Biological discoveries • Development of mental disorders classification system • Emergence of psychological causation views • Experimental psychological research developments © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Establishing the Link Between the Brain and Mental Disorder Technological discoveries Understanding increased Scientific advancements Discovery of connection between general paresis and syphilis © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Kraepelin The Development of a Classification System Compendium der Psychiatrie (1883): forerunner to DSM Specific types of mental disorders identified © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Mesmerism Development of the Psychological Basis of Mental Disorder Diseases treated by “animal magnetism” Source of heated discussion in early nineteenth century © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Nancy School Development of the Psychological Basis of Mental Disorder Hysteria could be caused and removed by hypnosis © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Sigmund Freud (1856– 1939) Development of the Psychological Basis of Mental Disorder First major steps toward understanding psychological factors in mental disorders Psychoanalytic perspective Emphasizes inner dynamics of unconscious motives © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Development of the Psychological Basis of Mental Disorder Catharsis The unconscious Psychoanalysis Free association Dream analysis © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Experimental Psychology Wilhelm Wundt: First experimental psychological laboratory Lightner Witmer: First American psychological clinic J. Mc. Keen Cattell: Wundt’s methods to U. S. © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. First psychological journals
Classical Conditioning The Behavioral Perspective Ivan Pavlov John B. Watson © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Operant Conditioning The Behavioral Perspective E. L. Thorndike B. F. Skinner © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Unresolved Issues Interpretation of historical events and influence of biases Controversy over importance and relevance of some historical events © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- Slides: 27