ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY SIXTEENTH EDITION James N Butcher Jill
ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY SIXTEENTH EDITION James N. Butcher/ Jill M. Hooley/ Susan Mineka Chapter 3 Causal Factors and Viewpoints © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Causes and Risk Factors for Abnormal Behavior Necessary, sufficient, and contributory causes Study of causes and risk factors for abnormal behavior includes: Feedback and bidirectionality in abnormal behavior Diathesis-stress models © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Necessary, Sufficient, and Contributory Causes Etiology: Causal pattern of abnormal behavior Necessary cause Sufficient cause Contributory cause © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 3. 1: Abnormal Behavior: Types of Causes © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Necessary, Sufficient, and Contributory Causes It is important to distinguish between distal causal factors proximal (immediate) causal factors © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Feedback and Bidirectionality in Abnormal Behavior In the study of abnormal psychology, why can it be difficult to specify which conditions are causes and which are effects? © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Diathesis-Stress Models Diathesis: Relatively distal necessary or contributory cause that is not sufficient to cause disorder Stress: Response of individual to taxing demands Diathesisstress models: Combination of diathesis and stress to cause disorder © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 3. 2: Diathesis Stress Model © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Diathesis-Stress Models Resilience: Ability to successfully adapt to very difficult circumstances Protective factors: Influences that modify person’s response © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Viewpoints for Understanding the Causes of Abnormal Behavior Functions Definition © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Contemporary views
Biological Viewpoint and Causal Factors Traditional biological viewpoint Current viewpoint © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Biological Viewpoint and Causal Factors Four categories of biological factors relevant to maladaptive behavior include: Neurotransmitter and hormonal abnormalities in brain Genetic vulnerabilities Temperament © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Brain dysfunction and neural plasticity
Neurotransmitter and Hormonal Abnormalities Do you know how neurons communicate? © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 3. 4: Neurotransmission and Abnormal Behavior © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Neurotransmitter and Hormonal Abnormalities Neurotransmitter brain abnormalities can result in abnormal behavior Some forms of psychopathology have also been linked to hormonal abnormalities © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 3. 5: Major Glands of Endocrine System One particularly important set of interactions occurs in the hypothalamicpituitary-adrenal axis (shown in red arrows) © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Genetic Vulnerabilities True or False? Heredity is important predisposing causal factor for number of disorders. © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 3. 6: Human Chromosome Pairs © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Relationship of Genotypes to Phenotypes Genotype: • Total genetic endowment Phenotype: • Observed structural and functional characteristics © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Genotype–Environment Correlations Individual’s genotype may shape environment in the following ways: Passive effect Evocative effect Active effect © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Relationship of Genotypes to Phenotypes Genotype-environment interaction: • People with different genotypes may be differentially sensitive or susceptible to their environments © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Methods for Studying Genetic Influences Family history method Traditional methods Twin method Adoption method More recent methods Linkage analysis © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Association studies
Temperament: Child’s reactivity and characteristic ways of self-regulation © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Early temperament is basis from which personality develops
Five Dimensions of Temperament Fearfulness Irritability and frustration Positive affect © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Activity level Attentional persistence and effortful control
Brain Dysfunction and Neural Plasticity True or False? 1. Subtle deficiencies of brain function are rarely implicated in mental disorders. 2. Genetic programs for brain development are not as rigid and deterministic as was once believed. © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 3. 7: Bidirectional Influences © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Impact of Biological Viewpoint Effect of drugs Ambiguity in mental disorder definition Effect of CNS mediation © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Psychological Viewpoints Psychodynamic Cognitive. Behavioral © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Behavioral
The Psychodynamic Perspectives Id Freud theorized that a person’s behavior results from interaction of: Ego Superego © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Psychodynamic Perspectives Ego often deals with neurotic or moral anxiety by resorting to ego-defense mechanisms How many of these defense mechanisms can you identify? © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Ego-Defense Mechanisms Displacement Fixation Projection Rationalization Reaction formation Regression Repression Sublimation © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Psychosexual Stages of Development Oral stage (ages 0 to 2) Anal stage (ages 2 to 3) Freud conceptualized five psychosexual stages of development Phallic stage (ages 3 to 5 or 6) Latency period (ages 6 to 12) Genital stage (after puberty) © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Oedipus Complex and the Electra Complex Oedipus complex Electra complex © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Newer Psychodynamic Perspectives Ego psychology Attachment theory Object-relations theory Interpersonal perspective © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Behavioral Perspective What provides the central theme of the behavioral approach? © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 3. 9: Classical Conditioning © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Classical Conditioning So… © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. If conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without unconditioned stimulus, extinction will occur
Instrumental Conditioning Instrumental (or operant) conditioning: New responses are learned and tend to reoccur if they are reinforced Can you provide an example? © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Generalization and Discrimination Generalization: Response is conditioned to one stimulus and can be evoked by other similar stimuli Discrimination: Learning to distinguish between similar stimuli © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Observational Learning • Learning through observation alone Observational learning: © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. • Without directly experiencing an unconditioned stimulus
The Cognitive-Behavioral Perspective Cognitive-behavioral perspective Focuses on how thoughts and information processing become distorted Leads to maladaptive emotions and behavior © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Cognitive-Behavioral Perspective Schema: • Underlying representation of knowledge that guides current processing of information Attributions: • Process of assigning causes to things that happen © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Attributional style: • Characteristic way in which individual may tend to assign causes to bad or good events
What the Adoption of a Perspective Does Do REMEMBER • All perspectives contribute to an understanding of psychopathology, but none can provide a complete explanation! © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
What the Adoption of a Perspective Does Not Do Adoption of perspective influences: • Perception of maladaptive behavior • Types of evidence sought • Data interpretation © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 3. 10: Three Major Psychological Perspectives on Alcohol Dependence © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Psychological Causal Factors Psychological factors Causal factors Do you know the difference? © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Early Deprivation or Trauma Depriving essential resources Institutionalization Neglect and abuse at home Separation from parents © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 3. 12: Viewpoints on Parental Deprivation © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Inadequate Parenting Styles Consequences to children Causes Let’s take a closer look on the next slide. © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 3. 13: Parenting Styles © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Marital Discord and Divorce Long-standing marital discord • Effects and outcomes Divorce • Effects and outcomes © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Maladaptive Peer Relationships Peer exclusion or abuse Cyberbullying Proactive and reactive aggression in bullying © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Sociocultural Viewpoint Sociocultural factors and human development and behavior Sociocultural Viewpoint Individual personality development and norms and values of larger society Society-specific stressors specific and mental disorders © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Uncovering Sociocultural Factors Through Cross-Cultural Studies Sociocultural viewpoint is concerned with: • • • Impact of culture on mental disorders Universality of some disorders Prevalence rates across cultures Norms for behavior control across cultures Parent-child attachment across cultures © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Sociocultural Causal Factors Can you identify the sociocultural factors associated with greater risk for various disorders? © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Low Socioeconomic Status and Unemployment In the U. S. , the lower the socioeconomic class, the higher the incidence of mental disorders Why do you think this occurs? © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Prejudice and Discrimination in Race, Gender, and Ethnicity Increased prevalence of certain mental disorders may be related to: Prejudice against minority groups and women Perceived discrimination and self-esteem © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Social Change and Uncertainty Rate and pervasiveness of change Change and stress National and global crises and predisposition to mental illness © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Urban Stressors: Violence and Homelessness Rapid urban growth • Violence • Higher rate of mental illnesses • Homelessness © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Impact of the Sociocultural Viewpoint What was previously an almost exclusive concern with individuals has broadened to include societal, communal, and familiar factors related to mental health. What impact might this have on society? © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Unresolved Issues None of the current theories • Address whole spectrum of abnormality Eclectic approach • Not successful at theoretical level Biopsychosocial perspective • Only current attempt at unified approach © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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