AACR 3 Redefining a Standard for the 21

AACR 3: Redefining a Standard for the 21 st Century Matthew Beacom, Yale University John Attig, Penn State University Jennifer Bowen, University of Rochester 1

Overview for Today’s Panel n Why change the rules this way now? n Redesigning the rules for description n It’s all about access 2

These Old Rules From AACR 2 to Resource Description and Access Matthew Beacom, Yale University Matthew. beacom@yale. edu 3

Outline for “These Old Rules” A metaphor for rule revision n Why change the rules? Goals n Why change the rules? Background n Who is revising the rules? n How are the rules being revised? n When will be new rules be available? n What changes are being made? n 4

This Old House: A Metaphor for the New Rules Remodel, not restore, not raze the house n Repair, modernize, extend n Meet new uses and old n Prepare for future uses n Work on schedule & within budget n Rearrange some furniture for now n Later, get new furniture n A house is always a work-in-progress n 5

Why Change the Rules? Goals n To Modernize n n n Produce descriptions for online environment Provide for access & collocation in online tools To Simplify & Clarify n n n Reduce compartmentalization (universalize rules) Modernize wording & concepts Reduce inconsistencies Ground rules in principles not practices Explicitly relate principles & objectives to the rules 6

Why Change the Rules? Background n Social & technological changes Digital Age n Internet: a distribution revolution n Rise of metadata n n Library responses FRBR n Toronto conference on future of AACR n AACR 3 n ARCL 12 th National Conference Minneapolis, MN, April 8, 2005 7

Who is Changing the Rules? n The AACR communities Australia, Canada, UK, US n Ongoing collaborative revision process n n The JSC & the COP The Strategic Plan n New authority to lead change n n The Editor & the Secretary n Dedicated staff to complement volunteers ARCL 12 th National Conference Minneapolis, MN, April 8, 2005 8

How the Rules are Changing n The process Draft the new rules n Review & comment n Re-draft the rules n n One piece at a time Description (Part 1) n Choice of access points (Part 2) n Form of access points (Part 3) n ARCL 12 th National Conference Minneapolis, MN, April 8, 2005 9

When Will the Rules be Available? n Rules to the publisher n n Rules to the market n n December 2006 Summer 2007 Rules in what formats? Print n Web n Cataloger’s Desktop? n ARCL 12 th National Conference Minneapolis, MN, April 8, 2005 10

Redesigning the Rules for Bibliographic Description Part 1 of AACR 3: Resource Description and Access John Attig, Penn State University jxa 16@psulias. psu. edu ACRL 12 th National Conference Minneapolis, MN, April 8, 2005 11

Overview n Objectives of the revision of Part 1 n Outline of the revised rules for description n Features of the revised rules ARCL 12 th National Conference Minneapolis, MN, April 8, 2005 12

Bibliographic Description n Description supports the IDENTIFY and SELECT user tasks Descriptive data allows users to IDENTIFY relevant resources and n SELECT the most useful n n A bibliographic description consists of data elements that serve these functions ARCL 12 th National Conference Minneapolis, MN, April 8, 2005 13

Objectives for the revision of Part 1 of AACR 3 n Redesign of the rules for description n n n To support the user tasks To promote correct application by catalogers To enhance ease of use by catalogers To support the exercise of cataloger judgment Rules should allow for application to all resources Description should continue to focus on describing the “item-in-hand” ARCL 12 th National Conference Minneapolis, MN, April 8, 2005 14

Major problem in AACR 2: “class of materials” concept n n Part 1 of AACR 2 organized into chapters for different “classes of materials” Classes not logically defined n n n Mixture of content and carrier Overlapping definitions Redundant, even conflicting rules Inflexible categories Difficult to apply to new media ARCL 12 th National Conference Minneapolis, MN, April 8, 2005 15

First Task: Consistency n Make the rules as consistent as possible Match up the rules in each chapter n Identify those that are consistent in all n Remove inconsistent rules if possible n n Remove redundant rules n n Where rules are consistent for all materials, move those rules to Chapter 1 Identify the scope of all special rules ARCL 12 th National Conference Minneapolis, MN, April 8, 2005 16

Vision for Using Part 1 General rules (Chapter 1) should always be consulted first n General rules should direct catalogers to any special rules that might be needed for particular types of material n Special rules should be applied in the light of the general rules n ARCL 12 th National Conference Minneapolis, MN, April 8, 2005 17

General rules for description n General rules will promote consistency n n will be applied to all resources General rules will enhance flexibility n will be applicable even to new media for which no special rules have been included ARCL 12 th National Conference Minneapolis, MN, April 8, 2005 18

Features of Part 1 of AACR 3 n Three sections Section A. General Rules n Section B. Supplementary rules based on content n Section C. Supplementary rules based on medium n ARCL 12 th National Conference Minneapolis, MN, April 8, 2005 19

Section A. General rules n n n Organized by ISBD areas Consist of rules applicable to all resources regardless of content or medium Begin with n n general rules for deciding what you are cataloging and selecting the sources of information general transcription rules applicable to all transcribed data ARCL 12 th National Conference Minneapolis, MN, April 8, 2005 20

Section B. Supplementary rules based on content n Divided into seven chapters: Chapter B 1. Text n Chapter B 2. Musical Notation n Chapter B 3. Cartographic Resources n Chapter B 4. Graphics n Chapter B 5. Three-Dimensional Resources n Chapter B 6. Sound n Chapter B 7. Moving Images n ARCL 12 th National Conference Minneapolis, MN, April 8, 2005 21

Section B. Supplementary rules based on content Continued need for supplementary rules based on mode of expression or type of content n Supplementary chapters contain only the supplementary rules, keyed by rule number to the general rules in Chapter 1 n Relatively few supplementary rules in Section B n ARCL 12 th National Conference Minneapolis, MN, April 8, 2005 22

Section C. Supplementary rules based on medium n Divided into seven chapters: Chapter C 1. Printed and Graphic Media n Chapter C 2. Micrographic Media n Chapter C 3. Tactile Media n Chapter C 4. Three-Dimensional Media n Chapter C 5. Audio Media n Chapter C 6. Projected Media n Chapter C 7. Digital Media n ARCL 12 th National Conference Minneapolis, MN, April 8, 2005 23

Section C. Supplementary rules based on media n n Comprises rules for technical description (Area 5) and related notes General rules for technical description are very brief; there are few truly general rules here Chapters in Section C are more extensive than those in Section B Revisions in Section C are among the most controversial in the draft and are still under discussion ARCL 12 th National Conference Minneapolis, MN, April 8, 2005 24

Other Features of revised Part 1 n FRBR terminology Manifestation used when appropriate n Item used only in the FRBR sense n Resource used as a general term for the object of the description [item in AACR 2] n Work and Expression will be used in Parts II and III n ARCL 12 th National Conference Minneapolis, MN, April 8, 2005 25

Other Features of revised Part 1 n General Material Designation n n Draft calls for two separate elements within the GMD to contain terms identifying content and carrier/medium ALA has recommended that the GMD no longer be part of the title area, but instead be an independent area of the description ALA has recommended that the terms for content and carrier be repeatable Moving towards a faceted description of the nature of the resource, suitable for display and for access ARCL 12 th National Conference Minneapolis, MN, April 8, 2005 26

Other Features of revised Part 1 n More consistent terminology “Transcribe” used for transcribed data; “record” for other data n Data may be “supplied” (from other sources) or “devised” (by the cataloger) n Language indicating the application of judgment more consistent: “if considered to be important” n ARCL 12 th National Conference Minneapolis, MN, April 8, 2005 27

Other Features of revised Part 1 n Navigational features n n Numbering relates the supplementary rules to the corresponding general rule References are provided forward from the general rule to any relevant supplementary rule Both references and the supplementary rules clearly identify the scope of the rules References are provided between general rules (in particular) and between related supplementary rules ARCL 12 th National Conference Minneapolis, MN, April 8, 2005 28

Other Features of revised Part 1 n Tables may be included in the general rules to summarize the supplementary rules, e. g. Rules for sources of information n Rules for specific material designations n n The use of Abbreviations in the description is being reconsidered ARCL 12 th National Conference Minneapolis, MN, April 8, 2005 29

Summary More robust general rules n More consistency among rules n Better categories for special rules, clearer scope of application n More consistent and meaningful language n More flexibility of application, particularly to new types of media n ARCL 12 th National Conference Minneapolis, MN, April 8, 2005 30

It’s All About Access: Parts 2 and 3 of AACR 3: Resource Description and Access Jennifer Bowen, University of Rochester Jbowen@library. rochester. edu ACRL 12 th National Conference Minneapolis, MN, April 8, 2005 31

Arrangement of Rules AACR 2 AACR 3 Introductions Part 1: Description Part 2: Access Part 2: Choice of Access Points Part 3: Authority Control Access ARCL 12 th National Conference Minneapolis, MN, April 8, 2005 32

Rules for Access in AACR 3 Topics for Today n Status of work on AACR 3 Parts 2 and 3 n Changes planned for Parts 2 and 3 and why n Why do we still need rules for Access? ARCL 12 th National Conference Minneapolis, MN, April 8, 2005 33

Proposed Timeline for AACR 3 Parts 2 and 3 n Part 2 (Choice of Access Points) n n n Part 3 (Authority Control): n n n May-Sept. 2005: draft available for review by JSC constituencies and rule-makers October 2005 discussed by JSC Nov. 2005 -Mar. 2006: draft available for review by JSC constituencies and rule-makers April 2006 discussed by JSC Fall 2006: Final drafts of Parts 2 and 3 ARCL 12 th National Conference Minneapolis, MN, April 8, 2005 34

Goals for AACR 3 (Access) n Modernize card catalog “holdovers” n Terminology n Card-based rules • “Rule of Three” (make optional) n Implement FRBR n n n Clarify rules, relationships Improve collocation Address how a catalog should function ARCL 12 th National Conference Minneapolis, MN, April 8, 2005 35

Updated Terminology AACR 2 terms Heading Main Entry Added Entry Uniform title ARCL 12 th National Conference New terms Access point Primary Access point Secondary Access point Citation: Access point … For a work For an expression Minneapolis, MN, April 8, 2005 36

FRBR: Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records Relates bibliographic data to user tasks: Find Identify Select Obtain ARCL 12 th National Conference Minneapolis, MN, April 8, 2005 37

Proposals for Part 2 n n Use FRBR terminology to clarify choice of primary/secondary access points for works/expressions contained within the resource being cataloged Functions of the Catalog n What should the catalog enable a user to do? n Based on IFLA Statement of International Cataloguing Principles ARCL 12 th National Conference Minneapolis, MN, April 8, 2005 38

From IFLA Functions of the Catalogue Enable a User to Locate (Find): n n A single resource Sets of resources representing all resources belonging to the same: n n n Work Expression of a work Manifestation All works and expressions of a given person, family, or corporate body All resources on a given subject All resources defined by other criteria (correspondents, court cases, etc. ) ARCL 12 th National Conference Minneapolis, MN, April 8, 2005 39

Plans for Part 3: Authority Control n n Form of access points (AACR 2 Ch. 22 -25) Integrates AACR 2 Chapter 26 (References) into other chapters Rules for creating authority records Clarify rules for Uniform Titles(=Citations) Collocation, Identification/Differentiation n Expand to include Expression-Level Citations n ARCL 12 th National Conference Minneapolis, MN, April 8, 2005 40

FRBR Group 1 Entities Work Goethe’s “Faust” Expression L. Filmore’s English translation of Faust Manifestation As published by W. Smith, 1847 The copy owned by my library Item ARCL 12 th National Conference Minneapolis, MN, April 8, 2005 41

Access Points for Expressions in AACR 3 (Proposal) Add elements to the end of a work-level citation (uniform title) to identify and differentiate expressions n Expandable as needed to collocate very large files n Could uniquely identify expressions or (more likely) function as “guide-cards” n ARCL 12 th National Conference Minneapolis, MN, April 8, 2005 42

Possible Additions to Work Citations for Expressions n n n Language Edition statement Mode of expression (e. g. Sound) Date of expression: date of performance, translation, etc. Name of editor, translator, performer (show relationship to FRBR Group 2 entity) ARCL 12 th National Conference Minneapolis, MN, April 8, 2005 43

Possible Citations for Expressions (Examples) n Melville, Herman. Moby Dick. Abridged ed. n Homer. Iliad. English (Pope) n Berlioz, Hector, 1803 -1869. Symphonie fantastique. Sound (Solti) … Order of elements, punctuation still being discussed! ARCL 12 th National Conference Minneapolis, MN, April 8, 2005 44

Possible Uses for Citations for Expressions n Useful for small, but important, subsets of library materials n Large collections in a specific area n Many expressions of the same work n Many manifestations of the same expression n More specific related-work citations (related expression citations) ARCL 12 th National Conference Minneapolis, MN, April 8, 2005 45

Why Citations for Expressions in AACR 3? n Tool for catalogers to improve functionality of an online catalog for certain materials/collections n Reaffirms importance of collocation at the expression level within the overall functionality of the catalog. ARCL 12 th National Conference Minneapolis, MN, April 8, 2005 46

Why Authority Control in AACR 3? n Make concept of authority control more accessible/understandable To new catalogers n To other communities n To system designers n n Articulate the role of authority control in fulfilling the functions of the catalog ARCL 12 th National Conference Minneapolis, MN, April 8, 2005 47

Why Keep Rules for Access in AACR 3 when … n n Catalog users prefer keyword searching OPAC heading searches are inflexible, hard to navigate results, seldom used Authority control is very expensive for libraries Google works without authority control … Why Bother? ARCL 12 th National Conference Minneapolis, MN, April 8, 2005 48

Controlled Access: Realizing Its Potential n Authority control is getting more efficient n n n Technology can make controlled access more “user friendly” n n n More shared records (2 million NACO records!) More tools to help (OCLC “control headings”) Virtual International Authority File (VIAF) “Usability-informed” interfaces: Red. Light. Green. org Libraries will see a bigger return on their investment in authority control ARCL 12 th National Conference Minneapolis, MN, April 8, 2005 49

The Future of Access Control: The Good News n Technology is catching up with our vision for how authority control should work n n Collocation/FRBR n n More reliable, efficient searching Relationships between resources Improve navigation of results sets More complex metadata provides more functional and reliable linking for users Access control = What the library world can contribute to metadata description ARCL 12 th National Conference Minneapolis, MN, April 8, 2005 50

Re-Envisioning Controlled Access for the Future n n n Look forward; remember the “big picture” It’s not “all or nothing”! Use technology to apply general concepts in new settings n n n A role in the Semantic Web? Authority files as web services? Use AACR 3 to lay the groundwork for the future ARCL 12 th National Conference Minneapolis, MN, April 8, 2005 51

Questions? (for all three speakers) For further information: n See our handouts in the ACRL Online Community, or n http: //www. libraries. psu. edu/tas/jca/ ARCL 12 th National Conference Minneapolis, MN, April 8, 2005 52