A Worldwide Information Utility the Global Positioning System

A Worldwide Information Utility… the Global Positioning System (GPS) August 2000

Overview • • • Policy Applications & Markets Augmentations Sustainment & Modernization International Cooperation

Policy

U. S. GPS Policy Background • Designed as a dual-use system – Military applications for multi-Service and Allied use – Civilian applications for worldwide use • Free of direct user charges (policy since 1983) • Consistent U. S. National Policy statements from both Executive and Legislative Branches – Presidential Decision Directive, March 1996 – U. S. Public Law, December 1998 • SA turned off May 2000

United States GPS Policy • Provide GPS Standard Positioning Service free of direct user fees for peaceful civil use • Encourage acceptance and integration of GPS into peaceful civil, commercial, and scientific applications worldwide • Encourage private sector investment in/ use of GPS technologies and services • Promote safety and efficiency in transportation and other fields • Promote international cooperation in using GPS for peaceful purposes • Advance scientific and technical capabilities • Strengthen and maintain national security

The Interagency GPS Executive Board Defense Transportation State Commerce Agriculture Interior Joint Chiefs of Staff NASA Justice

Applications & Markets

Worldwide Sales of GPS Goods & Services Will Reach $16 B by 2003

Worldwide GPS Revenues By Market Segment

Car Navigation • • • On-board navigation Fleet management Roadside assistance Stolen vehicle recovery Enhanced services Mass market dominated by Japan • Dataquest: Unit sales of chips for car navigation to reach 11. 3 M in 2001 • $4. 7 B sales by 2003

Consumer/Recreational • Portable receivers for fishermen, hunters, hikers, cyclists, etc. • Recreational facilities -golf courses, ski resorts • Integration of GPS into cellular phones – E-911 requirement • $3. 8 B market by 2003

Surveying/Mapping/GIS • Sub-centimeter accuracy • 100%-300% savings in time, cost, & labor – Control survey point: $10, 000 in 1986; $250 in 1997 • • Rural electrification Telecom tower placement Pipelines Oil, gas, and mineral exploration • Flood plain mapping • $3. 12 B market by 2003

Tracking/Machine Control • Package/cargo delivery • Fleet and asset management • Theft recovery • Public safety and services • Farming, mining, and construction equipment • DGPS/RTK required for many applications • $3 B market by 2003

Timing • GPS offers an inexpensive alternative to costly, high maintenance timing equipment • Telecommunications network synchronization & management – Phones, pagers, wireless systems – LANs, WANs, Internet • Financial transactions • Electrical power grid management & fault location • Digital signatures for e-commerce • Some estimate the timing market at $40 -100 M

Emerging GPS Applications • Entrepreneurs and scientific researchers invent new applications almost every day • Higher precision is necessary for many cuttingedge applications – – – Differential GPS (DGPS) Relative DGPS Carrier phase positioning Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) Post-processing

Construction • Machinery, asset, and personnel management • Rapid surveys for laying foundation piles, etc. • Accident prevention • Remote control of machinery possible GPS/RTK technology was used in the construction of the Øresund Bridge between Denmark and Sweden – Japanese volcano dam

Europe is a Major Player in the GPS Market • Rapid growth projected, especially in car navigation sector • Many European firms provide GPS goods and services – 45 identified by Booz-Allen Hamilton – Scandanavian GNSS Industry Council • European governments are investing in GPS augmentation systems – Maritime DGPS – EGNOS – EUREF, SWEPOS, Finn. Net

The Market is Wide Open • • Civil signals are freely available, right now Openly published GPS specifications allow anyone to build receivers (no licensing fees) • Hardware is becoming a commodity • Huge potential exists in value-added services – – – Software development Embedded applications Localized GIS databases Internet integration Wireless markets

Unit Cost of Receivers Is Falling At ~30% Per Year $800 $600 $400 $200 0 1991 1993 Source: U. S. GPS Industry Council 1995 1997 1999

Projected Relative Market Share

Augmentations

Sustainment & Modernization

Constellation Status

The End of Selective Availability May 2, 2000

GPS Modernization Service for Space Users Redundant Safety of Life Signals Augmentations, Improved Timing Increased Radiated Power Improved User Equipment

Current GPS Segments Space Segment Block II/IIA • • Operational Rockwell (now Boeing) 26 on orbit MMD 6. 0/8. 6/10. 6 yrs Military P(Y) Signals in Space L 2 P(Y) L 1 Civil (C/A) Ground Control Segment Master Control Station (1) Monitor Station (5) Ground Antenna (4) Block IIR • • • Operational/In production Lockheed Martin All 21 procured 2 on orbit 1 Destroyed on launch MMD 7. 8 yrs COLORADO SPRINGS CAPE CANAVERAL HAWAII ASCENSION KWAJALEIN DIEGO GARCIA Block IIF • • In production Boeing(Rockwell) 6 already procured Options for 24 more without modernization • MMD 12. 7 yrs User Equipment Segment

Modernized GPS Space Segment Block IIRs (up to 12 SV’s) • Adds C/A to L 2 • Adds new military M-Code • Increases signal power for existing signals Signals in Space M-code P(Y) C/A L 1 L 2 Signals in Space Adds civil L 5 to all Block IIFs Pursue optimum Approach for higher power M-code spot beam C/A M-code P(Y) C/A L 5 L 2 L 1 1176. 45 MHz 1227. 6 MHz 1575. 45 MHz GPS Modernization plan meets White House announcements of adding new civil services while implementing spectrally separated military services

GPS III Modernization FY 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 Competitive Trade Studies 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 EMD Vehicles (Two contractors) RFP/SS PD/RR IAT EMD GPS III SVs 1 -3 transitioned to operational status RFP/SS Qual Vehicle Systems Arch / Rqts Study On-Orbit Test Qual Test Decision on Spot Beam Production based on Qual Vehicle Testing IAT SV 4 -6 LL Prod LL IAT SV 7 -9 Prod LL IAT SV 10 -12 Prod GPS III Prod LL SV 13 -15 Prod LL SV 16 -18 Prod IAT

Modernization Budget Status • Do. D’s FY 01 GPS Modernization budget request included both military and civil enhancements – Total request for GPS Modernization of Space and Ground Control Segment for FY 01 was $440. 9 M – Do. D’s FY 01 Appropriation was enacted by Congress on August 9, 2000, at the requested level of funding

International Cooperation

International Cooperation • Promote acceptance and peaceful use of GPS and its augmentations – International offering of GPS to ICAO and IMO • Service free of direct user charges • Non-proprietary signal standards for civil services – GPS Augmentations -- Worldwide interoperability • Space-based systems (WAAS, MSAS, EGNOS) for aviation • Land-based DGPS technology for maritime and terrestrial uses: already adopted by 35 countries • Global, non-proprietary standards

Principles for Cooperation • No direct user fees for civil and public safety services • Ensure open market driven competition for user equipment and applications • Open signal structure for all civil services to promote equal access for applications development and value added services • Protection of the current radionavigation spectrum from disruption and interference • Use of GPS time, geodesy, and signal structure standards • Seamless, global interoperability of future systems with GPS • Recognition of national and international security issues and protecting against misuse

U. S. - Japan Cooperation • • • September 1998: Joint Statement signed GPS based augmentations Largest commercial market share for products and services • September 1999: Working Groups met in Washington, D. C. – – – Policy Transportation Commercial & Scientific • Next plenary session in Tokyo

U. S. - Russia Consultation • • May 19 in Washington, D. C. Excellent dialogue – Many common views – Principles of Cooperation • Next meeting in Fall 2000 in Moscow

U. S. - E. U. • Use of GPS and its augmentations for commercial products and services incorporating open signal structure • 1998: U. S. presented draft Framework Agreement based on GPS and its augmentations – Consider inclusion of: International Advisory Commission, Intent of Guarantee, Statement of Free Service • 2000: Cooperation concept – Stage 1: Framework Cooperative Agreement based on Principles of Cooperation – Stage 2: Working groups – Stage 3: Follow-on agreement to cover Galileo operations phase

U. S. Questions About Galileo • To be understood: – – Revenue stream generation Future regulatory actions Required use (mandate through standards) Interoperability of free open system with fee-based encrypted system • Safety of life applications – Prevention of misuse – Open specifications and standards for equal worldwide market access – Spectrum use – Security service

Summary • GPS is a key component of the global information infrastructure • U. S. is committed to providing GPS service free of direct user fees to users worldwide • Adherence to U. S. principles has led to GPS standardization and market growth • GPS modernization is under way • U. S. is continuing international outreach to further understanding of GPS, its augmentations, and its applications • U. S. is fostering international dialogue to be responsive to global user needs

Backup

Public Services • Transportation infrastructure – Road Billing Network (ROBIN) – Snowplows • Emergency response – – – Law enforcement Fire fighting Search and rescue Paramedics Disaster relief

Aviation • GPS approved for en-route navigation • More efficient flight routing leads to fuel savings • Better tracking of aircraft enhances safety • Closer spacing of planes increases airspace capacity • $710 M market by 2003

Maritime Navigation • GPS-based vessel tracking and traffic management maximizes effectiveness of waterways • Improved safety increases maritime commerce • Maritime DGPS service for enhanced accuracy and safety available in 34 countries • $210 M market by 2003

Original Equipment Manufacturers • • • Chipsets Electronic boards Antennas, components Standalone receivers $690 M market by 2003

Military • GPS is a recognized NATO standard • GPS is required on all U. S. military systems • Precision munitions widely used during Gulf War, Kosovo

Scientific Research • Monitoring geological change – Glaciers, tectonic plates, earthquakes, volcanoes • Wildlife behavior • Atmospheric modeling – Water vapor content • Oceanic studies – Tidal patterns – Surface mapping • Time transfer

Environmental Management • Forestry • Wetlands management • Natural resource management • Fisheries boundary enforcement • Endangered species and habitat preservation • Hazardous material cleanup – Oil spills, toxic waste

Open Pit Mining • Enhanced management of assets, equipment • Progress tracked in realtime, remotely • Improved machine control saves time, lowers maintenance and fuel consumption, prevents accidents • Rapid surveying for drilling blast holes • Smaller, more empowered workforce

Space Applications • Improved orbit and attitude control for satellites, International Space Station • Space Station return vehicle • Advance Land Observing Satellite uses GPS to calibrate high resolution radar maps • Satellite formation flying • Space launch range safety

Basic Positioning: Today 10 -20 m • C/A Code on L 1 Before May 2000: 25 -100 m

Basic Positioning: Tomorrow Better resistance to interference 1 -5 m • • • C/A Code on L 1 C/A Code on L 2 New Code on L 5 Eliminates need for costly DGPS in many non-safety applications

Advanced Positioning: Today 10 km 2 cm accuracy • • • L 1 Code and Carrier L 2 Carrier Data Link

Advanced Positioning: Tomorrow Faster recovery following signal interruptions (ex. , under bridges) • • 100+ km 2 cm accuracy L 1 Code and Carrier L 2 Code and Carrier L 5 Code and Carrier Data Link Fewer base stations needed

GPS Spectrum Importance • Radio interference affects a wide range of users and limits growth of new capabilities and applications • Without backbone GPS signals, derived performances and safety of life services will not function

Spectrum Use • GPS service frequencies – Radionavigation satellite signals currently provided in two frequency bands: 1575 MHZ (L 1) and 1227 MHz (L 2) • New civil GPS frequencies – New civil signals to be added at 1227 MHz (L 2) and 1176 MHz (L 5) – L 5 signal to feature higher power and ARNS protection to support safety of life navigation – Three civil signals will increase reliability – Space-to-space service (satellite control & positioning)

Spectrum Use • • E. U. proposal to overlay L 1, L 2, and L 5 U. S. primary objective: No impact or degradation to current users – Suggested overlay of L 5 -- designed to accommodate more than one system – Initial European opposition due to DMEs – Requested data on Galileo signal structure to analyze overlay feasibility – Requested E. U. plan for use of spectrum already planned for Galileo (E 1 -E 6)