A Topical Approach to LifeSpan Development 6 e

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A Topical Approach to Life-Span Development 6 e John W. Santrock Chapter 3: Physical

A Topical Approach to Life-Span Development 6 e John W. Santrock Chapter 3: Physical Development and Biological Aging

Patterns of body growth • Cephalocaudal pattern = • Proximodistal pattern = • Growth

Patterns of body growth • Cephalocaudal pattern = • Proximodistal pattern = • Growth rate affected by :

Figure 3. 1 - Changes in Proportions of the Human Body During Growth Fractions

Figure 3. 1 - Changes in Proportions of the Human Body During Growth Fractions = head size as fraction of total body length

Height and Weight in Infancy and Childhood Average ___ inches, ____ lbs at birth

Height and Weight in Infancy and Childhood Average ___ inches, ____ lbs at birth Infancy Triple weight by ___ year By age ___, reach ½ adult height, 1/5 adult weight Early Childhood Growth _____, trunk _____, body fat _____; patterns vary individually Girls slightly _____ and _____ than boys Girls have more ______ tissue, boys more _____ Slower, consistent growth Middle and Late Childhood Muscle mass and strength _____; bones _______ Body proportions change; boys stronger

Puberty: Physical growth & change • Puberty = • Growth spurt – Order for

Puberty: Physical growth & change • Puberty = • Growth spurt – Order for girls: • Age of onset: – Order for boys: • Age of onset:

Puberty: Hormonal Changes • Hormones =

Puberty: Hormonal Changes • Hormones =

Endocrine glands & functions • Hypothalamus – • Pituitary gland – • Gonads =

Endocrine glands & functions • Hypothalamus – • Pituitary gland – • Gonads = – Gonadotropins =

Endocrine glands pubertal changes

Endocrine glands pubertal changes

Puberty: Hormonal effects • Hormones increase dramatically – Testosterone – Estradiol • Puberty onset

Puberty: Hormonal effects • Hormones increase dramatically – Testosterone – Estradiol • Puberty onset affects social competence • Behaviors and moods can affect hormones

Timing of puberty: Psychological effects • Early maturation – Boys: – Girls: • Late

Timing of puberty: Psychological effects • Early maturation – Boys: – Girls: • Late maturation – Boys: – Girls: http: //digital. films. com/Portal. Playlists. aspx? aid=13174&xtid=47960

Physical Changes: Early adulthood • • Height Muscle tone, strength Joint functions Elasticity

Physical Changes: Early adulthood • • Height Muscle tone, strength Joint functions Elasticity

Middle adulthood: Physical Changes • 40 s-50 s • Declines: • Increases:

Middle adulthood: Physical Changes • 40 s-50 s • Declines: • Increases:

Middle adulthood: Body Changes • Strength, joints, and bones

Middle adulthood: Body Changes • Strength, joints, and bones

Middle adulthood: Body Changes • Cardiovascular system • Lungs

Middle adulthood: Body Changes • Cardiovascular system • Lungs

Middle adulthood: Sexuality changes • Climacteric — • Menopause —

Middle adulthood: Sexuality changes • Climacteric — • Menopause —

Physical Changes: Late adulthood • Physical appearance • Circulatory system

Physical Changes: Late adulthood • Physical appearance • Circulatory system

Figure 3. 6 - The Brain’s Four Lobes

Figure 3. 6 - The Brain’s Four Lobes

Functions of Cortical Lobes Frontal • • Motor cortex: Parietal • Somatosensory cortex: •

Functions of Cortical Lobes Frontal • • Motor cortex: Parietal • Somatosensory cortex: • • Occipital • Visual cortex: Temporal • Auditory cortex: •

Brain Physiology: Neurons • Neurons: Nerve cells that…

Brain Physiology: Neurons • Neurons: Nerve cells that…

Figure 3. 7 - The Neuron

Figure 3. 7 - The Neuron

Neuron Structures & Functions • Dendrites, cell body, axon • Myelin sheath and myelination

Neuron Structures & Functions • Dendrites, cell body, axon • Myelin sheath and myelination • Neurotransmitters • Synapse

Neural circuits = groups of specialized neurons

Neural circuits = groups of specialized neurons

Neural Growth in Infancy • Born with about _____ neurons • Rapid growth of:

Neural Growth in Infancy • Born with about _____ neurons • Rapid growth of:

Figure 3. 12 - Dendritic Spreading

Figure 3. 12 - Dendritic Spreading

The Brain in Infancy • Skills affected by: • Blooming & pruning of: •

The Brain in Infancy • Skills affected by: • Blooming & pruning of: • Brain areas do not mature uniformly – Rapid growth of: – Motor control begins at about:

Figure 3. 13 - Synaptic Density in Human Brain from Infancy to Adulthood

Figure 3. 13 - Synaptic Density in Human Brain from Infancy to Adulthood

The Brain in Childhood • Brain and head continue to grow more rapidly than

The Brain in Childhood • Brain and head continue to grow more rapidly than any other part of the body (See Fig. 3. 13) • Greatest anatomical brain increases from ages:

Figure 3. 14 - Growth Curves for Head and Brain and for Height and

Figure 3. 14 - Growth Curves for Head and Brain and for Height and Weight

The Brain in Childhood • Age 3 – 6: most rapid growth in: •

The Brain in Childhood • Age 3 – 6: most rapid growth in: • Age 6 – puberty: most growth in:

The Brain in Adolescence Growth in: • Corpus callosum – • Amygdala – •

The Brain in Adolescence Growth in: • Corpus callosum – • Amygdala – • Prefrontal cortex –

The Brain in Adulthood • General slowing of which functions? – Begins in middle

The Brain in Adulthood • General slowing of which functions? – Begins in middle age, accelerates with age • Brain loses _____% of weight from age 20 - 90 – Shrinkage is not uniform; most in:

The Brain Can Adapt! • How can we maintain functions & slow decline? •

The Brain Can Adapt! • How can we maintain functions & slow decline? • Remarkable repair capability – Neurogenesis: