A Solid Waste Management in Emergency B Waste

A. Solid Waste Management in Emergency B. Waste Water Management in Emergency C. Vector control A. Solid Waste Management in Emergency Module 2 – Session 2 a Solid Waste Management Cycle Technical option in emergency Environmental implications

Solid Waste – Sphere project People have an environment that is acceptably uncontaminated by solid waste, including medical waste, and have the means to dispose of their domestic waste conveniently and effectively.

Solid Waste management cycle Identify existing facilities Identify waste type Waste source Determine volume Determine collection/storage methods & transportation method Determine disposal method Organic waste, paper, cans, bottles, plastic packaging, dead animals, oil, chemicals, medical, concrete, stones, etc. Households, Aid Agencies, Communal areas (markets), Industries, Medical facilities 1 person / 0, 5 -1 liter of refuse / day organic content of 25 -35 %. Household containers, Small collective containers, Waste collection depots Burning, Burying, Composting.

Storage methods Storage: Household containers Communal bins Old oil drums Fenced – in areas.

Transport methods • Human powered: open hand cart, hand cart with bins, wheelbarrow, tricycle. • Animal powered: donkey drawn cart • Motorized: tractor, trailer, truck.

Waste disposal methods in emergency 1. Burning 2. Burying Limiting factors: Soil conditions Groundwater level Type of waste source Topography Quantity of wastewater production Safety measures

1. - Burning §Burning can reduce the volume of trash by 80 to 90 percent. §The temperature in a burn barrel rarely exceeds 500 degrees Fahrenheit. The temperature is not hot enough for complete combustion of the materials in the barrel. 1. Separation: 1. Compostable: organic waste 2. Burnable: to be separated primarily into paper and plastic. Plastic should be never burnt.

Burning: some considerations §PVC plastic (present in most of packaging items) is the major source of dioxins. §Studies have linked dioxins and furans to cancer and respiratory disease. §Pollutants from combustion are emitted into the environment affecting air quality and health. §Ash (particulates) can irritate the eyes and throat and can restrict visibility. §The ash resulted from the burning process is considered a highly toxic waste product. This must be carefully handled and buried. §Significant fire risk §Visit www. burnbarrel. org

Plastic burner §This model achieves a heat of around 800 §It converts most plastics to water vapour and carbondioxide. §It requires no additional fuel §It produces transparent fumes. 8 holes 60 mm diameter Metal grid 5 mm diameter reinforced bars 11 holes 50 mm diameter • Ordinary oil-drum (220 l) • Metal grid of 5 mm iron bars on which the disposables are placed • Series of holes above and below the metal grid 440 mm 190 mm 150 mm

Burners in Emergency From ‘Emergency Sanitation’. Harvey & Co. 2002. WEDC.

2. - Burying: Communal Disposal Pit

Minimum standards Storage and collection 1 container (100 l) to 200 people for domestic solid waste Maximum walking distance from dwellings 70 m Volume 200 l (6 m 3/200 persons) Markets: 1 container (100 l) to 40 market stalls Feeding center: 1 container (100 l) to 500 people Transport 0. 2 l collection vehicle / persons / day 5 l collection vehicle volume / market / day Disposal Direct (on-site) 45 m to family pit 200 m to communal pit 6 m 3 pit / 200 persons Remote (off-site) 500 m to final disposal site from nearest habitable building downhill from groundwater sources At least 50 m from surface water sources 0. 25 m 3 / person for landfilling 6 m 3 pit / 200 persons Usage 50% affected population has access to facilities 50% of collected solid waste transported and disposed correctly

B. Waste Water Management in Emergency Module 2 – Session 2 b Drainage

Waste water (Drainage) People have an environment in which the health and other risks posed by water erosion and standing water, including storm water, floodwater, domestic wastewater and wastewater from medical facilities, are minimized. Sphere Project

Waste water management cycle Identify waste type Waste source Black sewage (from toilets and septic tanks), Grey sewage (water spillage from washing areas), rainwater. Water distribution points, Feeding centers, Clinics, Kitchens, Laundries, Bathing areas Determine potential hazard Faecal contamination, Mosquitoes, Flies, cockroaches, rats, etc. Determine volume Hospitals 50 l/p/d Feeding centres 25 l/p/d Personal washing/spillages up to 10 l/p/d Determine disposal method Into the air Into the ground

Soakpits • Commonly between 2 -5 m deep and 1 to 2. 5 m diameter. • Commonly not lined and filled with stones and blocks • At least 30 m horizontal distance from any groundwater source (e. g. well or borehole). • The base at least 1. 5 m above the water table.

Infiltration trenches

Gardens

D. Vector control Module 2 – Session 2 d Vectors Spraying Mosquito nets Environmental modifications

Vectors and diseases in emergency Anopheles Aedes Housefly Diseases Malaria Dengue and yellow fever Diarrhoeal diseases, skin and eye infections Larval Exposed to sunlight and Above the water line in Buried on rotting associated to floating pools with clean water. organic material vegetation in pools, The preferred habitats (human (garbage, quiet places in sloware water storage excreta). running streams, rice tanks and jars inside fields. Also in artificial the and outside containers houses. Adult Active between sunset and sunrise Rest indoors and outdoor sheltered resting sites Bite mainly in the morning or evening. Hey rest often outdoors. Active during the day. Resting indoors.

Control measures Mosquitoes § Personal protection § Making houses and shelter insect – proof (Zero fly – insecticide plastic sheeting) § Insecticide spraying § Environmental modifications to prevent breeding (drainage) Houseflies § Improvement of environmental sanitation (excreta disposal and waste management) § Promotion hygiene practices § Fly traps § Control with insecticides

Personal protection §Bed nets §Repellents §Mosquito coils

Sphere All disaster affected people have the knowledge and the means to protect themselves from diseases and nuisance vectors that are likely to represent a significant risk to health or well-being.

Long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) • LLINs are nets treated in the factory with an insecticide incorporated into the net fabric which makes the insecticide last at least 3 years of recommended use under field conditions. • Perma. Net® which is treated with 55 mg/m 2 of deltamethrin to coat fibres.

LLINs distribution in emergency Niger Red Cross §Target population: Children U 5 + Pregnant women § 1 LLIN per household (mother sleeps together with the newborn). §House-to-house visits to ensure proper hanging and usage. This might be integrated in ongoing health programmes. §In special and urgent situations, this activity can be linked to indoor residual spraying (IRS).

obstructed roof gutters) tyre Environmental modifications Dense vegetation Water storage tank tins Water container

Insecticide spraying §Specialist attention and involvement of local authorities §Detailed vector study: its resting and biting behaviour and its susceptibility to insecticides. §Trained personnel and protection equipment. §Acceptance of space-spraying by communities.

Sphere The numbers of diseases vectors that pose a risk to people’s health and nuisance vectors that pose a risk to people’s well-being are kept to an acceptable level. Chemical vector control measures are carried out in a manner that ensures that staff, the people affected by the disaster and the local environment are adequately protected. And avoids creating resistance to the substances used.

Community involvement §The efficient execution of IRS (indoor residual spraying) where necessary §The appropriate use of LLINs §Effective disposal of household solid waste §Effective household drainage §Control of flies and mosquitoes associated with excreta disposal