A Primer on Beam Steering J Wenninger 1

A Primer on Beam Steering J. Wenninger 1. Steering algorithms • • MICADO SVD Bumps And some more… 2. Selected features of the steering program 3. Special steering issues for the SPS 5/24/2007 1

Trajectory/orbit perturbations • The trajectory or orbit of a beam is affected by DIPOLE deflections, ‘kicks’ that are represented by the symbol q. • The kick can be due to : • Field errors of the (main) bending (dipole) magnets – not all magnets have exactly the same field. • Misalignments Dx of higher multi-pole magnets : • Quadrupoles : q = K Dx • Sextupoles : q = K 2 Dx 2 • . . • Quadrupole misalignments are the dominant perturbations at SPS and LHC. • Effects of non-linear (> quadrupole) fields can usually be neglected for steering linear optics !!! Non-linear fields only contribute at large amplitudes. 5/24/2007 2

Response to kicks The position change ui at an element labeled by i due to a kick at an element labeled by j is given by : where, for the uncoupled case (H and V planes independent) : Trajectory A kick only affects downstream elements ! Closed orbit b is the betatron function, m the phase advance. Q is the tune. • Note : for Q = integer, Rij diverges for the closed orbit – INTEGER resonance! 5/24/2007 3

Examples • Free oscillation : ‘cos’ term. • Modulated in amplitude by b (local optics). • ‘Kink’ at location of the kick. SPS ring H plane – kick at MDH. 622 CNGS transfer line V plane, no effect upstream of the kick. . • Free oscillation starting at the kick. 5/24/2007 4

Optics issues • If the optics is known, it is easy to evaluate the effect of a kick ! • The steering program uses the betatron functions, phases… stored in the DB to reconstruct the R matrix. • Global corrections (MICADO, SVD) work quite well up to beta-beat (error) of 50%, breakdown starts around 100% beta-beat. • SPS ring has a beta-beat of 10 -20% - depends on optics & energy. • In general coupling is not an issue at SPS and LHC. Horizontal and vertical planes can be handled independently. Exception : • TT 10 for fixed target beam where the planes are exchanged: H plane in the PS V plane in the SPS and vice-versa (aperture optimization). For TT 10 the analytic expressions breaks down and a response matrix must be calculated numerically with MADX. • LHC in the very first days (? ). But should be manageable. 5/24/2007 5

The ‘steering problem’ • We have N BPMs that give us the beam position ui at their location. • We have M correctors that can provide deflections qi. • We assume that we know the response between BPMs and correctors (R ij). • Expressed in vector and matrix format : A change of the correctors by Dqj leads to a position change : 5/24/2007 6

The ‘steering problem’ Given a set of measured beam positions um, i we are interested to find corrector kick changes Dqc, j such that the resulting beam position uri is minimized : By minimum I mean that the norm ( r. m. s. ) is minimized : Steering consists basically in solving this LINEAR equation ! 5/24/2007 7

MICADO for non-mathematicians • MICADO (Minimization Carrees …. ) is an algorithm developed by B. Autin and Y. Marti for the PS in the 1970’s. • MICADO solves the steering problem by an iterative search for the most effective corrector: • The jth column of the response matrix R holds the effect of a kick at the j th corrector on the beam position: Compare to… Effect of the 1 rst corrector • MICADO compares the response of each corrector (column of R) with the measured position. It scans through the correctors to find the one with the closest pattern, i. e. that will lead to the largest reduction of the residual r. m. s. 5/24/2007 8

MICADO iterations Iteration 1 : find the most effective corrector. Compute its kick and the residual position. Iteration 2 : find the most effective corrector (for the residual position) among the remaining M-1 correctors. Compute its kick and re-evaluate the kick of the first corrector. Compute the residual. … Iteration K : find the most effective corrector (for the residual position) among the remaining M-(k-1) correctors. Re-compute its kick and re-evaluate the kicks of the k-1 first correctors. Compute the residual position. … Note : Ø At each step all kicks are re-evaluated to find the best COMBINED solution ! Ø Once a corrector is selected, it is never deselected. Ø As a result of the kick re-evaluation, it is possible that a kick that is selected initially is set back to 0 at iteration K ! 5/24/2007 9

MICADO features MICADO is very efficient to find isolated (large) kicks. MICADO can be fooled by measurement errors (noise, offsets) : MICADO may not find the kick at the correct place, but at a phase of ± 180 degrees with respect to the ‘exact’ location. MICADO is sensitive to bad response matrix structures due to missing BPMs, bad design of the machine… To avoid numerical problem one can ‘recondition’ the matrix to detect possible candidates for numerical problems and ‘remove’ them. Be careful when using MICADO with a very large number of correctors (for example > 20 correctors @ SPS) : • Check the strengths to avoid excessive deflections from noise, offsets…. • It is always possible to correct iteratively: • Pick a few correctors, send them. • Continue on the resulting orbit with another coupled correctors. • Etc… 5/24/2007 10

MICADO in practice Checkbox defaults depend on the line/ring! Kicks before, difference & predicted kicks after. Position before, predicted difference & predicted result 5/24/2007 11

MICADO iterations Corrector results in text form De-selection of iteration info - speed !! (Only significant for LHC !) Corrector results in 2 D + projection Position results in 2 D + projection 2 D plots show the absolute values of the kicks/positions ! ‘white = zero’ 5/24/2007 12

More on iterations For every correction type based on iterations, a plot showing the evolution of the position and kick rms is automatically produced ! 5/24/2007 13

SVD • The acronym ‘SVD’ stands for ‘Singular Value Decomposition’. • It is an algorithm to invert non-square or singular matrices. • In the context of beam steering, the interest of SVD can be explained by some of the properties of this decomposition – it is widely used in all modern (second & third generation) light sources for feedbacks. In the presentation I will give a somewhat ‘un-conventional’ (but without big maths) explanation of the way SVD works and why it is interesting… 5/24/2007 14

Coordinate systems P x 2 e 2 P = x 1 e 1 + x 2 e 1 x 1 P = x’ 1 e 1 + x’ 2 e 2 P e’ 2 x’ 1 e’ 1 x’ 2 • To describe the coordinates of a point P in space, one usually chooses a reference system (e 1, e 2) that is orthogonal, i. e. the angle between any pair of axis vectors is 90°. • In addition the basis vectors are usually normalized, i. e. they length is ‘ 1’ unit. • In this example, (e 1, e 2) constitutes an orthogonal and normalized base of the 2 -D space. • Usually the choice of the reference system is arbitrary, or just given for practical reasons (simplicity…). • A transformation matrix can be used to move from one coordinate system to another one, i. e. : P x 2 e 2 x 1 e 1 5/24/2007 • It is also possible to choose a non-orthogonal reference system – but with the drawback that computations become (much) more difficult ! 15

Position and corrector space In the context of beam steering, we have a position and a kick space, both of very high dimension (N and M). The two spaces are coupled by the response matrix R. R u 2 monitor 1 corrector 2 monitor 2 Beam Position u 1 Corrector Setting q 2 corrector 1 q 1 The ‘heart’ of the steering problem : orthogonal directions in the corrector space are transformed into non-orthogonal direction in monitor space by R (and vice-versa…) !! This is due to the accelerator lattice that couples the responses !! monitor 2 corrector 2 R monitor 1 5/24/2007 R The mathematical difficulty of steering is due to the fact that the individual corrector responses do not form an ORTHOGONAL basis of the monitor space ! corrector 1 16

Orthogonal responses ? Question : Is it possible to find a basis of the corrector space (by mixing correctors) such that a transformation by R preserves orthogonality ? monitor 2 corrector 2 R monitor 1 R corrector 1 Answer : YES it is possible – this is what SVD does for us !!! The price to pay: instead of working with single PHYSICAL correctors, one will have to work with mixtures of correctors. 5/24/2007 17

SVD • The SVD decomposition builds corrector combinations that are often referred to as ‘eigenvectors’ of R (although they are not really in the mathematical sense): with • The M solutions (as many as they are correctors) have the desired property of being orthogonal and normalized : for the corrector space (they form a complete base of the space) for the monitor space • The ‘eigenvalues’ or ‘weights’ wj is proportional to the r. m. s. position change obtained by applying the corresponding corrector eigenvector: The larger wj, the more efficient the eigenvector ! 5/24/2007 18

SVD decomposition examples SPS H plane Sorted eigenvalues for the SPS and LHC rings. There as many solutions as correctors ! Ratio max/min ~ 100 Very regular lattice ! LHC H plane – 2 coupled rings – IR 1&5 squeezed Ratio max/min ~ 10’ 000 ‘Near singular’ solutions in the LHC IRs ‘Singular’ solutions (i. e. very poor ratio reponse/kick strength). Can lead to problems for MICADO ! 5/24/2007 19

Eigenvectors examples : LHC No. 137 As the eigenvalues decrease, the associated eigenvectors correspond to increasingly local ‘structures’ No. 516 5/24/2007 20

Corrections with SVD 1. The position measurement is decomposed uniquely into the monitor eigenvectors. The residual is the un-correctable part of the measurement. 2. The coefficients cj are obtained from a very simple and very fast operation (know as ‘scalar’ product). 3. The same cj are used to compute the correction kicks Dq, because there is a direct correspondence between the eigenvectors in position and corrector space. The correction may use between 1 and N eigenvectors (the ‘user’ choice). Note : the number of eigenvectors controls how ‘local’ the correction will be: • Few eigenvectors corrects only global structures. 5/24/2007 21

SVD more formally… • In mathematical terms, the SVD algorithm decomposes matrix R into 3 matrices Z, W, and V : with The eigenvectors described on the previous slides are stored in the columns of Z and V • The correction using k eigenvalues is given by : ‘pseudo-inverse’ of R 5/24/2007 22

SVD • Computing speed: • The SVD decomposition is CPU intensive, Time ~ (N, M) 3 : SPS ~ 200 ms, LHC, 2 rings ~ 20 s ! • The correction itself is very fast : SPS ~ 1 ms, LHC ~ 10 ms. • As long as the BPM/corrector pattern is constant, decomposition must not be redone. • SVD corrections go from global (few eigenvectors) to local correction (many eigenvectors). • Not suited to identify few isolated kicks. • Can be used to correct few large kicks with a large number of small kicks. • Can be configured to be insensitive to bad BPMs (limit to largest eigenvectors). • The kick strengths used by SVD tends to increase monotonically as the number of eigenvectors is increased: • SVD is useful when the corrector strength is limited. Example : SPS at 400/450 Ge. V. • SVD is well suited for real-time feedbacks: • Requires less corrector strength. • Stable and fast computing time (correction only!). A MICADO correction with all correctors or an SVD correction with all eigenvectors yield the same result ! 5/24/2007 23

Test case 1 : single kick @ SPS 5/24/2007 24

Test case 1 : MICADO An easy one for MICADO : the kick is located at the first iteration Kick convergence 5/24/2007 Orbit convergence 25

Test case 1 : SVD • As this is a single isolated kick, a large number of eigenvectors (~ 100) are required to find the single kick. • With 20 eigenvectors, the correction is ‘reasonable’ Kick convergence 5/24/2007 Orbit convergence 26

Test case 2 : BPM offset 5/24/2007 27

Test case 2 : MICADO • With the SPS lattice MICADO jumps on the two correctors around the monitor and builds a bump around the bad reading. Kick convergence 5/24/2007 Orbit convergence 28

Test case 2 : SVD • SVD is much less sensitive to the isolated BPM error and it takes a large number of eigenvectors (~ 100) to build the same bump than MICADO. • With 20 eigenvectors the perturbations are not ‘very’ large. Kick convergence 5/24/2007 Orbit convergence 29

Local bumps /1 • Simple bump algorithms can be used to steer the beam at one location. • The simplest bump is the 2 -corrector bump: Target • Controls only the amplitude. Angle at target depends on local optics. • Requires perfect positioning of C 2. • Ad-hoc conditions for 2 C bump are almost never encountered. C 2 C 1 • The 3 -corrector bump is a robust and universal bump: Target • Controls only the amplitude. Angle at target depends on local optics. • Closure with C 2 & C 3. • This bumps works almost anywhere, except for rare phase conditions between the correctors. C 1 5/24/2007 C 2 C 3 30

Local bumps /2 • The 4 -corrector bump gives full control over position and angle: Target C 1 • Controls amplitude and angle. • Closure with C 3 & C 4. • This bumps works almost anywhere, except for rare phase conditions between the correctors. C 3 C 2 C 4 A trivial ‘extension’ is the ‘½’ 4 -corrector bump that is used for orthogonal steering (angle & position) at targets & splitters, for first turn corrections. . : Target C 1 5/24/2007 C 2 31

Local bumps in practice • The steering program allows you to build 3 C and 4 C bumps at any location in any ring or line. • But due to the local optics, ‘good’ bumps cannot be build everywhere (missing correctors, strange phase advance…) : always check the bump shape and strengths. • SPS ring: 3 C bumps work much better than 4 C bumps due to the 90 phase advance per cell. • TT 10 with FT beams : due to the coupled optics the algorithms break down in the skew section. • … • By default the correctors for the bump are identified automatically. • You can select the correctors manually: for difficult regions (optics) or to make more sophisticated bumps (long bumps…) Select a BPM from the DV as target for the bump. 5/24/2007 Select any element of the optics as target for a bump. 32

Bump details A detailed plot of a calculated bump is available from the menu bar: • Location of target. • Correctors. • All elements in optics within bump range. 5/24/2007 33

Local corrections • Suppose someone would like to correct the position in a region which is • larger than a single point not a bump, • smaller than the entire ring/line. • If one uses MICADO/SVD just inside the region of interest, the correction will leak out into the rest of the ring/line, because there are no boundary conditions: Leakage Region of interest Leakage For such a scheme to work, it is necessary to ‘kill’ the leakage by matching the boundary conditions. 5/24/2007 34

(LEP) Short Length correction The ‘Short Length’ correction developed for LEP by T. Limberg/W. Herr solves the problem using a neat idea: Leakage Region of interest Leakage equivalent to Virtual kick q* at virtual phase and beta • Viewed from the outside, the leakage can be described as originating from a virtual kick q*: one could try to close the correction using 2 correctors on either side like a 3 C bump ! • The Short Length correction proceeds in iteration: 1. Correct within region. 2. Evaluate q* and the 2 closure kicks (one on each side, selected automatically). 3. Add the effect of the closure kicks to the correction (affects the inside !!). 4. Back to 1. until no more improvement. • The short length is useful and works rather well in rings (LEP, LHC, SPS [seldom used. . ]) where it is sometimes desirable to correct/improve the orbit locally. • The short length does not always converge ! 5/24/2007 35

Threading Steering in transfer lines or on the first turn of a ring (i. e. single pass) is sometimes referred to a threading. The following options are available from Menu ‘Steering’ ‘Threaders’ (first turn/transfer lines ONLY): • Single point threading: • Move the beam at a selected monitor using a nearby and suitable upstream corrector. • Useful in difficult cases to flatten the trajectory along a line – for example TT 20. • LEP-style threading (‘LEP Threader’): • MICADO correction in a selected sub-region of the ring/TL using a maximum of 2 correctors. • Well suited to thread in large machines like LEP & LHC. • This is basically a specialized application of MICADO. 5/24/2007 36

And more… • The effect of a kick of arbitrary amplitude at any corrector can be computed and sent to the machine: • Test BPM response. • Thread beam… • Bare corrections can be evaluated with MICADO & SVD. When a bare correction is requested then: 1. In the first stage, the effect of all correctors is unfolded: this corresponds to the ‘bare’ orbit/trajectory that one would obtain by setting all correctors to zero (which can be done by SW but not always in the real machine !!). 2. In the second stage the bare orbit is corrected with MICADO/SVD. The interest of the bare correction is that it is possible to reset/reseed the corrector settings (for example to clean up in case many correctors have been accumulated…). 5/24/2007 37

The steering program: a selection of options • The steering application for SPS, LEIR (and LHC) is build on top of/integrated into the LSA control system. • It is an offspring of the LEP/SPS Motif/C steering application that was used from 92(? ) to 2004: • Generic (configurable) core. • Machine dependent add-ons. • Lot’s of new stuff still to come… This following slides are not an introduction to the application, but a presentation of some special features that are useful to know ! 5/24/2007 38

Color conventions for elements The following color convention is used for monitors and correctors: • HW Error : HW returns an error status. • OP disabled : declared bad by OP. • Locked : ‘permanent’ OP disable status (DB). • The warning status is only used for SEMs at the SPS when the signals are either too higher (saturation, gain too high) or too low. • Elements with state HW error, OP disabled and Locked are ignored for steering ! • Locked elements are part of the configuration but are normally not activated (i. e. not used in steering algorithms) : • Interlocked bending magnets in TI 2, TI 8, TT 41 that are only used during setting up. • Special corrector magnet doublets in TT 10. • Special corrector magnet in the SPS (MDVB. 517). 5/24/2007 39

Status control Edit status of elements by table. Edit status of elements through the DV. Editable : • Position, calibration & offset • ‘OP Enable’ : OP status flag 5/24/2007 40

Locked elements • Locked elements appear in violet in the DV and in the detail tables. • They are not used for steering (i. e. cannot be trimmed) and cannot be re-enabled using the standard selection. • Can be unlocked in menu ‘Status-Control’ ‘Status Control Tools’ ‘General Tools’. Make sure you know what you do before activating such elements ! Example of the TT 10 corrector magnet doublets : 2 correctors side-by-side (ramp speed) with individual PCs. The deflections should be shared equally among both correctors (taken care automatically by the steering). 5/24/2007 41

Corrector calibrations & status This program uses exclusively ANGLES for steering – no currents ! Edit status of elements by table. Watch OUT : Some correction elements have a calibration of -1 !! This is the case for BENDING magnets (as opposed to CORRECTORs) and is due to a different SIGN CONVENTION for deflections in MADX ! Don’t change such signs ! 5/24/2007 42

Data sets • There are presently up to 7 datasets (monitor readings + corrector settings) in memory at the same time. • The ‘active dataset’ is the dataset that is shown in the DV! • The predictions of the last corrections are also stored in separate dataset (for comparisons…). • CNGS ‘special’ – 4 additional sets: • Transfer no 1. & no 2. • Average Transfers 1 & 2. • Difference Transfer 1 & 2. • The datasets can be • loaded into the DV (as they are or as difference wrt reference). • used as reference dataset. • To come soon : • Post-mortem dataset (for selected lines/machines). • Not just the last, but the last N (5, 10? ) acquisitions. 5/24/2007 43

Trim Incorporation In a pulsed machine like the SPS, it is not sufficient to calculate a correction for a given time in the cycle tc, but it is also necessary to define how such a change is propagated to earlier and later times: ? ? DK / DI tc • The propagation of trims inside a cycle is designated as ‘trim incorporation’ – and this does not just apply to steering… • The way trims are incorporated is normally defined in the LSA DB. 5/24/2007 44

Incorporation rules • Default incorporation rules are defined for all particle transfers of the SPS. • For transfer lines the rules are simple : a flat function ! • For the SPS ring, the default DB rules can be displayed from menu ‘Trim’ ‘Incorporation & Skeleton’ : Custom rules for advanced users 5/24/2007 45

Trims – how to send to HW New (and not finished) : an internal history of the trims that have been sent ! List of elements that will be trimmed (from the last calculated correction) The incorporation rule that will be used… 5/24/2007 46

Trims • A correction can be send as many times as desired to the machine, and multiplied by any factor. • The trims are always ADDED to the existing functions. • There are 4 different ways to send the trims. • The trim is based on the LAST calculated correction. A. Increment functions by 100% of correction. Indicates the total increment. B. Increment functions by selected % of correction. C. Increment functions by factor x correction. 5/24/2007 D. Increment functions such that the total trim is factor x correction. Equivalent to A. – direct send to HW Direct CANCEL of last trim ! 47

Data catalogs The steering program provides 2 simple, file based data catalogs, that can be found in the ‘File’ menu: • A ‘Data Set Catalog’ : • Data files contain one acquisition and the associated corrector setting. • For references or temporary snapshots. • The data sets can be used to re-establish (reload) the corrector settings stored in the file and/or reference for corrections… • A ‘Settings Catalog’ : • Data files contain a snapshot of all steering element functions for a cycle. • Data files contain NO monitor acquisition. • The data files can be used to restore the functions for an entire cycle. Note : It is also possible to roll back settings of one or more elements to an arbitrary time in the past using the ‘Trim Archive’ application of Delphine. 5/24/2007 48

‘Data set’ catalog • The entries of the data set catalog may be reloaded into the DV for display, or as reference orbit (to compute differences…). • Once the data is displayed in the DV, you can reload the settings into the machine… 5/24/2007 49

Reloading a data set • Any dataset that is loaded as active data set (i. e. is visible in the DV) may be reloaded into the machine. • Step 1: in menu ‘Trim’ select ‘Settings Reload’, this opens the panel shown below. Select the plane and click on ‘Prepare Settings’. The settings difference will be shown in the DV. This allows you to reload the settings for a time that is different from the acq time… If you are happy with it… • Step 2: You can now handle the settings change like any other correction and send it to the machine. It will be handled like any trim, including incorporation rules… • Repeat for both planes, or do it just for one ! 5/24/2007 50

Settings catalog • The settings catalog holds complete functions, and you cannot visualize them. • You can reload the settings for the H and/or V plane : this will replace the current functions by the ones in the catalogs. You can only reload ALL elements of a plane. • Works only for cycles with the SAME LENGTH !! Be patient ! May take some time (~minute) Extracts a snapshot of all functions from the DB 5/24/2007 51

SEMs • (Most of) the SPS SEMs a ‘IN-OUT’ devices that are normally OUT of beam when not in use for steering or profile measurements. A few exceptions concern grids around the TT 20 splitters and around the targets. • For the moment the SEMs must be moved In/Out manually through Equip. State. Sometimes in the future the In/Out movement will be done automatically by the steering application. • SEM functionality in the steering: • Integral and proportional gain setting. • Detailed raw data (debugging…). • Profiles (for BSGs). • Available for : • T 2 Transfer (TT 20 T 2) • T 4 Transfer • T 6 Transfer • TT 10 (SEM configuration) 5/24/2007 52

SEM gains • The SEM acquisition hardware provides : • An integral gain for a group of 16 channels (values = Low (1), Medium (~10), High (~100)). • A proportional gain that can be set individually for each channel (values = 1, 2, 4, 8, 16). • For each channel Total gain = Integral gain x Proportional gain. • The raw data is saturated when it is above 2040. FESA device (class BESTLD) Select one or more channels, right click to get the gain popup. This will set the gain of ALL selected elements ! 5/24/2007 53

SEM integral gains Select a channel and click on the ‘Int. Gains’ button. This opens a panel that indicates the channel mapping for the device. For high intensity (> 1. 5 1013) the integral gain should be LOW !! All those channels share the same integral gain ! 5/24/2007 54

SEM profiles Select one or more channels, and click on the ‘Profile’ button to open a display of the selected profiles A simple profile display of BSGs is available directly in the steering: • Mean, sum, rms and emittance estimate. • Not fit ! Example for all horizontal profiles in TT 20 T 2 5/24/2007 55

Autopilots • Automatic steering of the beam (Autopilot) is available for: • North area target steering on T 2/T 4/T 6: optimize the symmetry. • First-turn correction for the SPS ring (transfer SPSInjection). • The autopilot panel is available under the ‘Trim’ menu. • By default the autopilot stops automatically when the target is reached. Default parameters should give good performance. When the symmetry is very low on a target, convergence speed can be improved by manual pre-trimming… Target autopilot setup 5/24/2007 FT autopilot setup 56

SPS ‘complex’ : special issues 5/24/2007 57

TT 10 : new features • For TT 10 the steering program provides now 3 different monitor configurations: • The configuration with TT 10 couplers. This year 6 monitors of TT 2 are also visible. • A configuration with TT 10 SEMs when the couplers do not work (or if you do not trust them…). • A new configuration that includes the TT 10 couplers and the first two SPS sextants after injection (1&2). With this new configuration one can steer TT 10 and the first turn at the same time. This should become the standard selection. An ‘autopilot’ for the first turn correction (no more knobs !) is operational. • After selecting ‘SPSInjection’ for a given cycle, the following popup will appear that let’s you choose the desired configuration. 5/24/2007 58

TT 10 with TT 2 & Ring • Note that we have no control over TT 2… • Be careful when using MICADO to correct the FT : it will sometimes use dipoles at the beginning of TT 10 instead of the end, due to the large excursion that we frequently have in TT 10. TT 2 5/24/2007 TT 10 Ring (sext 1 & 2) 59

TT 10 : FT autopilot • The FT Autopilot automatically corrects the first turn (wrt closed orbit) by fitting the trajectory in the SPS over the first 2 sextants. • The fit is less sensitive to individual BPM errors than the traditional correction based on 2 BPMs/plane (more improvements are foreseen). • The fit is extrapolated to a bending dipole at the entrance of the SPS (same b both planes). • An orthogonal steering (1/2 4 C bump) is used to correct the position with the last correctors of TT 10. • The energy error in the H plane is NOT corrected ! Default autopilot tolerances 5/24/2007 Check the box if you want to see the fit details. . 60

SPS ring : first turn issues Beware of 2 traps for first turn measurements & correction : • The delay between pre-pulse and first turn (usually 3 or 4) must be correct. If not, you get either no data (delay to small) or the 2 nd 3 rd etc turn. If the FT correction diverges check the delay. Reduce by 1 until you see no more beam to find the correct delay. FT-CO example 5/24/2007 Small change in sextant 4… • For the FT beam, the transverse position (and therefore first turn) varies along the batch (5 turn CT extraction). If the 6 BPM crates are not set up to measure on the same part of the batch, you can see jumps in the trajectory between sextants ! 61

SPS ring : MOPOS scope & gates LABVIEW application available from console manager, Equipment Control, BI. Building/crate Beam (SFTPRO 2 batches) Gate • It works…but be patient ! • The trigger is sometimes ‘bizarre’. • If there is no beam signal (yellow trace), try to increase the time scale (bottom left) and then change the ‘Trig Pos’. • For (single) bunch beams, the falling edge of the gate must be at the peak of the bunch signal (the sample mode must be ‘bunch’, slide 60). Trigger on prepulse 5/24/2007 62

SPS ring • The SPS ring has a phase advance of almost 90° per cell. It is a very regular lattice. • There are 108 horizontal and 108 vertical corrector magnets. At top energy the correctors are weak, with kick limits at 450 Ge. V of: ~ 10 mrad in H bump of ~ 1 mm amplitude ~ 20 mrad in V bump of ~ 2 mm amplitude • At top energy the orbit is therefore corrected at the startup by realigning the quadrupoles such that the rms is < 2 mm at 400 Ge. V with the FT beam. The drift over the year of the orbit is usually < 2 mm rms. • The orbit errors at injection and in the early part of the ramp can be corrected with a few correctors/plane. • At top energy SVD can be used to correct the orbit for MDs. For regular operation we do not use the correctors on the flat tops (if they fail we don’t have to worry !!). • Note that the tunes are different for FT (26. 62, 26. 58) and LHC beams (26. 13, 26. 18). Due to the factor 1/sin(p. Q) in the closed orbit response, the same misalignment yields a factor ~2 larger orbit errors for LHC beams than for FT beams ! On the flat top the orbit is a factor ~ 2 worse for LHC beams ! Don’t be surprised !! 5/24/2007 63

SPS ring : MICADO with few & many Vertical SPS orbit corrected with 4 correctors: • RMS ~ 1. 4 mm. • Few outlying monitors. The same orbit corrected with 40 correctors: • RMS ~ 0. 4 mm – little (useful) gain. • No more outlying monitors. • But many p-bumps (in fact 2 C bumps) that MICADO uses to steer away monitor outliers. At the SPS the combination of 90° phase advance per cell and the monitor sampling makes it possible to steer away almost every monitor error/offset ! The SPS orbit is corrected best with few correctors !! 5/24/2007 64

SPS ring : incorporation rules • To avoid building spiky functions that the PCs cannot follow, (non-MD) corrections at the SPS ring follow strict incorporation rules: • Flat functions on all plateaus (injection, flat top…). • Triangular shapes at pre-defined points for the ramp. • If a correction is attempted in the ramp at a time that does not correspond to a triangle peak, the correction will be shifted in time to the nearest one ! • To ensure that you measure & correct at the right time, you can limit the acquisition time selection using a checkbox in the ‘Acq&HW’ menu. 5/24/2007 Free choice of time (unchecked !) Choice of time limited to incorporation rule times (checked). 65

SPS ring : multiple acquisitions In order to quickly check the orbit, the radial steering… for the ramp, or scan the orbit in time… a multiple acquisition option is available from the ‘Machine Specials’ menu. • Select start time, end time and step. • Max. of 80 acquisitions. • Able to acquire 10 -20 orbit/cycle – be patient ! A summary plot of orbit average, rms and dp/p versus time is presented when the acquisition is finished. One can click on any orbit in the list and display it again, and scroll through the list with the mouse. 5/24/2007 66

TT 20 • TT 20 is a tricky line because: • Steering depends entirely on SEMs. • The beams are split vertically. • The very large b function of 20 km (for splitting) makes vertical steering very ‘touchy’. If you start optimizing the V steering, it usually takes a while ! Effect of a small kick on a V corrector at the beginning of TT 20 : the trajectory excursion ‘explodes’ near the splitter ! • In both planes the best steering is not the one that gives ‘ 0’ reading on the monitors. In fact one often has to be off-center around the splitters because of: • Loss optimization (mostly around the splitters !) : BLMs at splitters and intensity. • Intensity sharing between targets. Note : the more beam there is on T 6, the lower the losses… 5/24/2007 67

To find this presentation… 5/24/2007 68