A Pocket Guide to Public Speaking Sixth Edition

Crediting Speech Sources (1 of 2) • • Demonstrates quality and range of research Shows reliable sources support your position Helps you avoid plagiarism Gives you credibility as ethical speaker • Copyright © 2019 Bedford/St. Martin's. All rights reserved.

Crediting Speech Sources (2 of 2) • • Enhances your authority Wins support for your viewpoint Enables listeners to locate your sources Common knowledge need not be credited. • Copyright © 2019 Bedford/St. Martin's. All rights reserved.

Alert Listeners to Key Source Information (1 of 4) • Oral citations briefly alert the audience to – – Author or origin of the source; Type of source; Title or description of the source; Date of the source. • Copyright © 2019 Bedford/St. Martin's. All rights reserved.

Alert Listeners to Key Source Information (2 of 4) • Do not give complete bibliographic references. – Interrupts the flow of the speech – Diverts listeners’ attention • Present sources in a rhetorically effective manner. • Copyright © 2019 Bedford/St. Martin's. All rights reserved.

Alert Listeners to Key Source Information (3 of 4) • Establish the source’s trustworthiness. – Source reliability increases level of trust. – A reliable source can be inaccurate. § Offer a variety of sources instead. – Check for the source qualifier. § Briefly describes the source’s qualifications • Copyright © 2019 Bedford/St. Martin's. All rights reserved.

Alert Listeners to Key Source Information (4 of 4) • Avoid a mechanical delivery.

Establish the Source’s Reliability and Credibility • • • Note credentials if they inspire trust. Identify sources that are reputable institutions. Reveal how cited statistics were obtained. – Put them into context. • Copyright © 2019 Bedford/St. Martin's. All rights reserved.

Avoid a Mechanical Delivery • Use these strategies to avoid breaking the flow of the speech: – Vary the wording. – Lead with the claim, not with the source. • Copyright © 2019 Bedford/St. Martin's. All rights reserved.

Overview of Source Types (1 of 11) • Book with two or fewer authors

Overview of Source Types (2 of 11) • Book with three or more authors – – – First author’s first and last name “Coauthors” Source qualifier Title Date of publication • Copyright © 2019 Bedford/St. Martin's. All rights reserved.

Overview of Source Types (3 of 11) • Reference work – – Title Date

Overview of Source Types (4 of 11) • Print article – – Author’s first

Overview of Source Types (5 of 11) • Online-only magazine, newspaper, journal – – Author’s first and last name Source qualifier Title and date of publication Identification of publication as “online magazine, ” “online newspaper, ” or “online journal” • Copyright © 2019 Bedford/St. Martin's. All rights reserved.

Overview of Source Types (6 of 11) • Organization website – – Name of

Overview of Source Types (7 of 11) • Blog – – Name of blogger

Overview of Source Types (8 of 11) • Television or radio program – –

Overview of Source Types (9 of 11) • Online video – – – Name of online video source Program Segment Source qualifier Date aired (if applicable) • Copyright © 2019 Bedford/St. Martin's. All rights reserved.

Overview of Source Types (10 of 11) • Testimony (lay or expert) – – Name of person Source qualifier Context in which information was offered Date information was offered • Copyright © 2019 Bedford/St. Martin's. All rights reserved.

Overview of Source Types (11 of 11) • Interview and other personal communication – Name of person – Source qualifier – Date of interview, correspondence, email, or memorandum • Copyright © 2019 Bedford/St. Martin's. All rights reserved.