A Phylogenetic Analysis of the Early Late Ordovician

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A Phylogenetic Analysis of the Early Late Ordovician Orthograptinae (Graptolithina) Sue Klosterman Dan Goldman

A Phylogenetic Analysis of the Early Late Ordovician Orthograptinae (Graptolithina) Sue Klosterman Dan Goldman Charles Mitchell

Macroevolution n Large scale project on evolutionary trends n Interpretation of trends are dependent

Macroevolution n Large scale project on evolutionary trends n Interpretation of trends are dependent on phylogeny n Phylogenetic reconstruction of the Orthograptinae is an essential component

DDO Radiation n Rapid expansion in the Early Late Ordovician, about 458 million years

DDO Radiation n Rapid expansion in the Early Late Ordovician, about 458 million years ago n Difficulty in determining evolutionary relationships

Character Analysis Commonly preserved on black shales 3 -D specimens extracted from limestone matrix

Character Analysis Commonly preserved on black shales 3 -D specimens extracted from limestone matrix

Character Examples 56 parsimonyn informative discrete characters Apertural Orientation Colony Width 2 TRD n

Character Examples 56 parsimonyn informative discrete characters Apertural Orientation Colony Width 2 TRD n Thecal Shape 10 continuous characters – measurement data

Tree Analysis Mac. Clade 16 Taxa PAUP Branch & Bound Search RC Index Character

Tree Analysis Mac. Clade 16 Taxa PAUP Branch & Bound Search RC Index Character Weighting

Outgroup Selection Hustedograptus as primitive outgroup

Outgroup Selection Hustedograptus as primitive outgroup

H. sus on atu s us nd ic cul us si nci atu tiu

H. sus on atu s us nd ic cul us si nci atu tiu s up la ter e cal car s s s cul atu api anu pag e eru spi nig tus rap og ect ucr rim qu ad H. O. O. O. lis ica u e. R tiv mi ple x eus lis ma py g lis pic a ica typ am Pri R. G. ety i us vat ell xw ma i ann xca per e dem rue is har euc pra A. A. O. Consensus Tree - Discrete characters only 9 MPR – all variations within O. quadrimucronatus group Generally compatible with current systematics

Individual Clades Orthograptus is a paraphyletic taxon from which Rectograptus, Amplexograptus and Geniculograptus have

Individual Clades Orthograptus is a paraphyletic taxon from which Rectograptus, Amplexograptus and Geniculograptus have been derived

Individual Clades Derived orthograptines Orthograptus calcaratus group is the primitive sister group to the

Individual Clades Derived orthograptines Orthograptus calcaratus group is the primitive sister group to the rest of the derived orthograptines

Individual Clades A – R – G subclades Orthograptus quadrimucronatus group is the sister

Individual Clades A – R – G subclades Orthograptus quadrimucronatus group is the sister group to the Amplexograptus, Rectograptus and Geniculograptus subclades

Individual Clades Rectograptus is the primitive sister group to the Amplexograptus and Geniculograptus sub-clades

Individual Clades Rectograptus is the primitive sister group to the Amplexograptus and Geniculograptus sub-clades

Thecal Diversification Thecal diversification from primitive, straight tubes to more complex geniculate thecae for

Thecal Diversification Thecal diversification from primitive, straight tubes to more complex geniculate thecae for this subclade.

Cladogram Support Consistency Indicies – low levels of homoplasy CI =. 84 RI =.

Cladogram Support Consistency Indicies – low levels of homoplasy CI =. 84 RI =. 89 RC =. 74

Cladogram Support PTP Test – No permutated cladograms are shorter in length than original

Cladogram Support PTP Test – No permutated cladograms are shorter in length than original cladogram Permutated Original

1 0 10 2 6 1 tve H. sus us nd ic cul us

1 0 10 2 6 1 tve H. sus us nd ic cul us s ptu s atu si nci atu s s s atu tiu s up la ter e cal car cul api anu pag e eru spi nig ucr on rim cto Re gra lis ica u ple x qu ad H. O. O. O. am ali s eus ma py g lis ica typ mi Pri R. G. ety pic us vat ell i xw ma i ann xca per e dem rue is har euc pra A. A. O. Cladogram Support 1 6 4 Bremer Support Indicies

tve H. sus us nd ic cul us si nci atu tiu s up

tve H. sus us nd ic cul us si nci atu tiu s up la ter e cal car s s s cul atu api anu pag e s ptu s atu ucr on eru spi nig rim cto Re gra lis ica u ple x qu ad H. O. O. O. am eus lis ma py g lis pic a ica typ mi Pri R. G. ety us vat ell i xw ma ni an em xca per e ed ru is har euc pra A. A. O. Consensus Tree - Measurement Data included

H. cul us s nd icu tiu s up la ter e nci s

H. cul us s nd icu tiu s up la ter e nci s si s atu cal car cul s ni us on atu s ucr rus anu pag e nig e spi ptu s gra an em rim qu ad is aul cto Re ed ru api H. O. O. O. tve xic ple am us ali s eus lis ma py g ica typ mi Pri R. G. ety pic ell i xw ma vat is xca per e har euc pra A. A. O. Consensus Tree - Measurement Data included O. ruedemanni becomes sister taxon to A - R - G subclade Relationship of O. quadrimucronatus group is better defined

Future Work Lasiograptids Dicranograptids Orthograptids Start to incorporate the orthograptinae cladogram with DDO fauna

Future Work Lasiograptids Dicranograptids Orthograptids Start to incorporate the orthograptinae cladogram with DDO fauna and other graptolite groups

Acknowledgments NSF Grant Ear - 0106844

Acknowledgments NSF Grant Ear - 0106844

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