A patient has damage to several spinal nerves

A patient has damage to several spinal nerves. Which of the major divisions of the nervous system has been damaged? 1. 2. 3. 4. Central nervous system Peripheral nervous system Autonomic nervous system All of these are correct

You’ve just touched a hot stove. What type of reflex did you experience___ and in what way was your brain involved in the reflex ____? 1. 2. 3. 4. Cranial/the somatosensory cortex Visceral/only tracts that respond to pain Complex/all the sensory tracts Spinal/it was not involved at all

Which of the following is true concerning the spinal cord? 1. The filum terminale is the end of the spinal cord. 2. The conus medullaris is a strand of fibrous tissue that helps support the spinal cord. 3. The spinal cord of an adult ends between L 1 and L 2. 4. The amount of grey matter in the spinal cord is the least at the cervical and lumbar enlargements.

Why are spinal nerves classified as “mixed” nerves? 1. 2. 3. 4. They contain both afferent and efferent fibers They contain the cell bodies of sensory neurons They carry mixed or conflicting information Axons of the ventral root carry sensory information to the spinal cord and axons of the dorsal root control somatic and visceral effectors

Damage to which root of a spinal nerve would interfere with motor function? 1. 2. 3. 4. Posterior root Anterior root Dorsal root Ventral root

Where is the cerebrospinal fluid that surrounds the spinal cord located? 1. 2. 3. 4. Epidural space Subarachnoid space Above the dura mater Between the pia mater and the nervous tissue of the brain

A person with polio has lost the use of his leg muscles. In which area of his spinal cord would you expect the virus-infected motor neurons to be? 1. 2. 3. 4. anterior gray horns lateral gray horns posterior gray commissure anterior white commissure

Which portion of the spinal cord would be affected by a disease that damages myelin sheaths? 1. 2. 3. 4. Sulci Columns Grey horns Fissures

What is the clinical significance of dermatomes? 1. 2. 3. 4. Damage to descending tracts will be reflected in the dermatomes. Location of affected dermatomes provides clues to location of injury along the spinal cord Damage to a corresponding spinal nerve will produce loss of sensation the region of skin supplied by a dermatome. 2 and 3 are correct.

An anesthetic blocks the function of the dorsal rami of the cervical spinal nerves. Which areas of the body will be affected? 1. 2. 3. 4. Skin and muscles of the back of the neck Skin and muscles of the shoulders Both 1 and 2 None of the above

Injury to which nerve plexus would interfere with the ability to breathe ___? Which nerve is the major nerve of this plexus? 1. 2. 3. 4. Brachial plexus/long thoracic nerve Cervical plexus/phrenic nerve Cervical plexus/long thoracic nerve Brachial plexus/pectoral nerve

If a patient has persistent numbness in the medial two fingers, which nerve of the brachial plexus has been damaged? 1. 2. 3. 4. Ulnar nerve Median nerve Radial nerve Musculocutaneous nerve

Damage to the long thoracic nerve would cause paralysis to which muscle(s)? 1. 2. 3. 4. Deltoid and teres minor muscles Rhomboids and levator scapulae muscles Latissimus dorsi muscle Serratus anterior muscle

Compression of which nerve produces the sensation that your leg has “fallen asleep”? 1. 2. 3. 4. Sural nerve Sciatic nerve Femoral nerve Tibial nerve

Someone with paralysis of the anterior thigh muscles would have damage at which spinal segments? 1. 2. 3. 4. L 4–S 4 T 12–L 1 L 2–L 4 L 4–S 2

What is the minimum number of neurons in a reflex arc? 1. 2. 3. 4. One Two Five Seven

Which of these is NOT an important factor concerning reflexes? 1. 2. 3. 4. They are rapid, automatic responses to stimuli. They preserve homeostasis by making rapid adjustments in the functions of organs. They oppose potentially harmful changes in the internal or external environment. They involve interaction with the cerebrum.

What is the term used when one presynaptic neuron synapses with multiple postsynaptic neurons ___? When is this useful ____? 1. 2. 3. 4. Parallel processing/when information must be relayed in a stepwise fashion Convergence/when a signal must be concentrated Divergence/when broad distribution of a specific input is important All of these are correct

Reflex responses usually remove or oppose the stimulus. Therefore this type of reflexive response would be considered an example of ____. 1. 2. 3. 4. A visceral reflex Negative feedback A reverberating circuit Avoidance feedback

One of the first somatic reflexes to develop is the suckling reflex. Which type of reflex is this? 1. 2. 3. 4. Inherent reflex Acquired reflex Innate reflex Visceral reflex

How would the stimulation of the muscle spindles involved in the patellar (knee-jerk) reflex by gamma motor neurons affect the speed of the reflex? 1. 2. 3. 4. Quicker reflex response Slower reflex response Graded reflex response Inhibited reflex response

A weight lifter is straining to lift a 200 -kg barbell. Shortly after he lifts it to chest height, his muscles appear to relax and he drops the barbell. Which reflex has occurred? 1. 2. 3. 4. Withdrawal reflex Stretch reflex Crossed extensor reflex Tendon reflex

During a withdrawal reflex, what happens to the limb on the side opposite the stimulus? What is this response called? 1. 2. 3. 4. Flexed/stretch reflex Adducted/tendon reflex Extended/crossed extensor reflex Abducted/tendon reflex

Polysynaptic reflexes include all of the following characteristics, except ____? 1. Involve pools of interneurons 2. Interneuron pools are contained within one spinal segment 3. Have reverberating circuits 4. Involve reciprocal inhibition

What is reinforcement as it pertains to spinal reflexes? 1. 2. 3. 4. It allows brief periods of rest between sets of stimuli A chronic depression in spinal reflexes due to IPSPs An enhancement of spinal reflexes due to postsynaptic neurons entering a state of facilitation Strengthening of both the crossed extensor reflex and reciprocal inhibition

After injuring her back, Tina exhibits a positive Babinski reflex. What does this imply about Tina’s injury? 1. Possible paraplegia 2. Possible damage of sensory tracts to foot 3. Possible damage of ascending tracts in spinal cord 4. Possible damage of descending tracts in the spinal cord