A paradigm shift in local publicness Examining the

A paradigm shift in local publicness: Examining the experiences in Europe Katsutaka Shiraishi Leader of Group 1, LORC

Image of local sustainability in EU Integration of environmental, social and economic sustainability under the leadership of local governments Environmental sustainability Sustainable development Economic sustainability Social sustainability 2

Sustainability and governance (local level) Governance is a must from the sustainability perspective Governance from the Neo-liberal perspective • 　Reorganisation/ reconsideration of the public-private relationship – focus is on downsizing the work of the public sector • 　Sustainability is considered only as a policy objective/ one policy of a policy list • 　Sustainability is not strategically embedded into local governments ☆Connecting the challenge of sustainability and that of governance ☆Meaning/ value of considering this at local level 3

Two features of “unsustainability” ① Human society putting burden on environment Market economy ＋ human activities　←→　natural environment ② Human activities and natural environment cannot be commodified totally Market economy ←→ human activities + natural environment Through the commodification of labour power, economic activities are abstracted from the lifeworld and come to be tied with exchange value (money) Participation in market as a commodified labour Attempts to maintain a certain standard of living, even if one cannot participate in market - Social policy of welfare states towards 'decommodification' Non-market social relations constitute the foundation of the lifeworld, and they used to form the basis of sustainable material circulation and sustainable use and management of local resources - Dependence on the government sector and money 4

Development of a local social system that is mutually dependent on the environment Environment (natural and built environment）and locality l A lifestyle that contributes to the reduction of environmental load l A local social system that deals with sustainability management Local social system Built environment 　Natural environment Reconstruction and embedding of nonmarket and nongovernmental frameworks (“decommodification”) Human society Lifeworld 5

Image of local governance in EU countries Good governments Government Market Mutual complement of various kinds of economies, not the market economy itself do not go for a simple downsizing – sceptical about the neoliberal reforms Civil society Expansion of the spheres Connection between people – development of social capital, non-market relations 6

Creating link between sustainability and governance Local and regional sustainability Environmental sustainability Sustainable development Economic sustainability Social sustainability Local governance 7

Sustainability and governance From comparative analysis of 40 cities in EU Stages of governance and success rates of sustainable development policies (Evans, et al. ) Institutional capacity of local governments H Social capacity of locality Dynamic governing 　　→high success rate Voluntary governing 　→ low success rate 　L H Passive government 　　→failure Active government 　→middle success rate L ・Partnership between local governments and their partners ・Existence of active local governments 8

Development of multi-stakeholder partnerships p EU Structural Policy (Cohesion Policy): 　 l p More than 200 stakeholders take part in the process of plan makings and implementations in an area UK: Single Regeneration Budget (SRB) → Local Strategic Partnerships (LSP), Local Area Agreements (LAA) 9

Challenges to the multi-stakeholder partnership-oriented policy development Failure of US and challenge of UK The failure of Empowerment Zone (Clinton gov. → Bush gov. ) From SRB to LSP (Major gov. → Blair gov. ) US: voluntary & community sector to be “quasibusiness sector”　 　　　　　 UK: multi-stakeholder partnership or “quasi-public sector”　 10

Focus of EU’s interpretation of local sustainability p Environment (natural and built): 　　 Aalborg Charter (1994) 　　　　↓ p Social inclusion: 　　 Urban Action Plan (1998) 　　　　↓ p Economy: 　 　　 Lisbon Agenda (2000) 11

Society driven by multi-stakeholder partnership Integration of sustainable development strategies at local level ←　Breaking away from sectionalism and a list of individual policies (which implies no strategic connections between the policies) Deliberative democracy-style policy development government market Partnership between governments and subsidiarity principle Civil society Corporate Social Responsibility Social enterprises NPOs, cooperatives, community organisations, and other associations 12

Image of paradigm shift in local publicness ・Local and regional sustainability New local publicness 　― paradigm shift needed ・Local governance • Development of a multi-stakeholder partnership society • Policy development and implementation with multistakeholder partnerships 13

Need for socially-oriented human resources p Human resources who support the formation of a civil society sector p Facilitation capacity that bridges multi-stakeholder partnerships p Creativity that socialise the paradigm shift (value, imagination) 14