A P Psychology Assignment 1 Encoding Storage Retrieval

A. P. Psychology Assignment 1: Encoding, Storage, Retrieval, and Types of Memory pages 123 -130 1. In your on words and on another piece of paper or on note cards identify the following terms and names: memory encoding storage Retrieval Episodic memory parallel processing sensory memory short-term memory Semantic memory Procedure memory long-term memory working memory explicit memory effortful processing automatic processing 2. Summarize the principles that underlie encoding, storage, and construction of memory. Using the 3 stage process explain how you remember a phone number. implicit memory echoic memory chunking mnemonics spacing effect testing effect shallow processing deep processing iconic memory hippocampus flashbulb memory 3. How might you use the following techniques to remember a grocery list a. b. c. d. e. George Miller’s, The Magic number of 7 Chunking Mnemonic device Rehearsal Hierarchies 4. Relate you favorite activity or sport to the three different types of long-term memory Episodic memory: Semantic memory: Procedure memory:

5. Provide examples of effortful processing and automatic processing. Automatic Effortful 6. Provide examples of deep processing and shallow processing. Shallow Deep 7. Explain and provide examples of focused and divided attention. Divided attention Focused attention 8. Determine what part of the brain has been damaged: a. b. c. The patient can no longer remember how to ride a bike. The patient can no longer recognize faces including their own. Since the accident the patient has lost the ability to create new memories.

A. P. Psychology Assignment 2: Memory Construction, Forgetting pages 131 -134 1. In your on words and on another piece of paper or on note cards identify the following terms and names: 2. Create a list of study and test taking suggestions that incorporate at least 5 of the 9 following principles: Recognition, Recall, the primacy effect, the recency effect, semantic network theory, mood-congruent and state dependent memory, priming, and the relearning effect. 3. Using what you know about Ebbinghaus’ forgetting curve explain why cramming for an exam is not the best strategy. What would be a better strategy? 4. Explain the difference between Retroactive interference and proactive interference. 5. What type of amnesia occurs when a person can no longer form new memories? What part of the brain is damaged? What type of amnesia occurs when a person can no longer remember parts of their past? What part of the brain is damaged? 6. What does the research conducted by Elizabeth Loftus tell us about memories? What implications could this research have on court room testimony?

A. P. Psychology Assignment 3: Strategies for Memory Improvement Pages 144

A. P. Psychology Assignment 4: History and Approaches pages 3 -5, 7 -14 1. In your on words and on another piece of paper or on note cards identify the following terms and names: 2. Describe and compare the different theoretical approaches taken by structuralism and functionalism, in explaining behavior. 3. Connect the debate between Structuralism and Functionalism to one or more of Psychology’s biggest questions located on page 6. 4. Develop a list of questions that each school of thought might ask. 5. Norah is a 6 year old girl who is often disobedient. She frequently throws temper tantrums and refuses to finish her meals. Her parents go to a well-respected psychologist. How would the psychologist explain Norah’s behavior if they were a: Humanist? Behaviorist? Psychoanalyst? Cognitivist?

A. P. Psychology Assignment 5: Questions and Approaches, pages 3, 14 -15 1. In your on words and on another piece of paper or on note cards identify the following terms and names: human factors psychology nature-nurture debate developmental psychology social psychology counseling psychology applied research levels of analysis educational psychology industrial-organizational psychology clinical psychology psychometrics personality psychology 2. Arrange the 6 psychological approaches listed below on the Nature vs. nurture continuum. Explain your logic. 3. Using the biopsychosocial approach explain the different perspectives on anger Biological influences on anger: Psychological Influences on anger: Biological approach Behaviorism Cognitive psychology Evolutionary perspective Humanism Psychoanalysis Social psychology 4. Read Shrink on the Seahawks sideline A. Write notes to the right margin B. Underline important points C. Circle things that you need clarification on D. Write a summary, 2 to 3 sentences E. Write a question for discussion psychiatry positive psychology community psychology Social-Cultural influences on anger: 5. Applied Subfields of Psychology: Forensic Industrial-organizational Educational psychiatry Clinical Community Clinical Examples of Work these Psychologist do

A. P. Psychology Assignment 6: Research and Bias pages 17 -24 1. In your on words and on another piece of paper or on note cards identify the following terms and names: 2. After the football game, we credit the coach if a “gutsy” play call wins the game, and fault the coach if the “stupid” play call doesn’t. How does this illustrate the hindsight bias? 3. Explain how clustering illusions (gambler’s fallacy), confirmation bias, and sampling bias could all lead to invalid conclusions. 4. Please outline each step of the scientific method. Explain why the scientific method is considered a self-correcting process. Why are replication and falsifiability necessities in science. 5. Why are some approaches in psychology such as Behaviorism and Biological considered science, while other approaches such as psychodynamic and humanism not recognized as science? 6. Fill in the chart Descriptive Method Case Study Naturalistic Observation Survey Benefits Drawbacks Key Characteristics

7. Why are descriptive research methods limited in their ability to explain behavior? 8. How can the phrasing of a survey question affect the responses given by those surveyed? Make up an example to illustrate your answer. 9. How might your draw a random sample of participants if you were surveying. a. Your high school classmates? b. Restaurant owners? 10. Identify the sampling flaw in the following survey design. Once you have identified the flaw indicate how you would correct it. a. The principal at a school wants to survey students to see if they would like to increase lunch time in place of one academic course. He gives this survey to freshman PE teachers to hand out to their classes. Flaw? Correction?

A. P. Psychology Assignment 7: Correlational studies, Experimentation, and Ethics pages 25 -31 1. In your on words and on another piece of paper or on note cards identify the following terms and names: correlation coefficient scatterplot illusory correlation Confounding variables experimental group control group operational definition random assignment double-blind procedure placebo effect independent variable confounding variable dependent variable validity Reliability culture informed consent debriefing 2. List two examples of a positive correlation between two variables (not from the textbook). Correctly draw a scatterplot that would demonstrate the positive correlation. Correctly label the x and y axis. 3. List two examples of a negative correlation between two variables (not from the textbook). Correctly draw a scatterplot that would demonstrate the positive correlation. Correctly label the x and y axis. 4. There is a positive correlation between SAT scores and college grades. Can we say that SAT scores cause high College grades? What must be remembered about correlation and causation? 5. The is a positive correlation between city’s total consumption of ice cream and its murder rate. The higher the consumption the higher the murder rate. Does this mean that if the city outlawed ice cream the murder rate would drop? What type of correlation is being described?

6. A high school track coach is interested in the impact of carbohydrate consumption on running times in her athletes. She ask half the team to eat a huge pasta dinner the night before a big meet and asks the other half of her team to eat a large steak and no carbohydrates. Identify the variables in this experiment. Independent Variable: Dependent Variable: Why would random assignment be important? 7. The same coach is interested in the relationship between sleep and performance. Her theory is that a lack of sleep will hurt performances. Theory Lack of sleep hinders performance Operationally Defined Hypothesis: When sleeping X hours less than normal, people will perform worse in running events Hypothesis: When sleep deprived, people will perform worse on the track Working within this scenario, develop a hypothesis (you can use the one provided) and show the following terms would apply in an original experimental design that you create. - Hypothesis Experimental group Control group Random assignment Double-blind procedure Placebo effect Independent variable Dependent variable Confounding variable

A. P. Psychology Assignment 8: Statistics pages 32 -37 1. In your on words and on another piece of paper or on note cards identify the following terms and names: descriptive statistics mode mean median skewed distribution range Variance standard deviation 68 -95 -97 rule normal curve inferential statistics statistical significance P-value Null hypothesis 2. What are three measures of central tendency and what purpose does each of these measures serve? 3. What impact would an extreme data point have on the mean? The median? And the mode? 4. What is the range for the following data set? 29, 39, 40, 52, 55, 80. 5. What would a large standard deviation indicate? What would a small standard deviation indicate? 7, 15, 20, 4, 8, 5, 4 6. Using the data set above calculate the mean, median, and mode. 8. Calculate the standard deviation of the data set above (show your work). a. b. c. d. e. Find the mean of your data Find the difference between each number and the mean Square each difference Add up all the square differences divide by the number of data points. (This is the variance) The standard deviation is the square root of the variance. 7. Calculate the range of the data set above

9. Explain the 68 -95 -97 rule. 10. What does it mean to have a skewed distribution and how does it occur? 11. What is the difference between descriptive and inferential statistics? 12. What does it mean if the result is statistically significant? In psychology what is the standard for deciding if the result is significantly significant?

A. P. Psychology Assignment 9: Neurotransmission pages 39 - 48 1. In your on words and on another piece of paper or on note cards identify the following terms and names: biological psychology neuron dendrites 2. axon myelin sheath action potential refractory period threshold all-or-none response i. synapse neurotransmitters reuptake endorphins agonist antagonist Part name Function i. ii. iii. iv. iii. iv. v. 3. Draw/diagram and explain the process of neural transmission. Your drawing/diagram and explanation must include the following concepts: Voltage and the Neuron, ions, and fluid in and outside the axon Resting potential and polarized Action potential and depolarization threshold all-or nothing-response refractory period 4. Create a metaphor or simile for the process of neural transmission. Neural Transmissions is like. . . Because. . .

5. Summarize how Neurons communicate with other neurons. In your short summary be sure to include the following terms: Synapse 6. Neurotransmitters Synapse Reuptake Excitatory inhibitory Explain the influence of drugs on neurotransmission. In your explanation, describe the impacts on reuptake and agonists and antagonists. 7. Why do agonist result in excitatory effects and why do antagonists result in inhibitory effects?

A. P. Psychology Assignment 10: Nervous System and Endocrine System pages 49 -52 1. In your on words and on another piece of paper or on note cards identify the following terms and names: nervous system central nervous system (CNS) peripheral nervous system (PNS) nerves sensory (afferent) neurons motor (efferent) neurons Interneurons somatic nervous system autonomic nervous 2. Using information from the text fill in the chart below sympathetic nervous system parasympathetic nervous system reflex Nervous System Component: Function: Component: Function: endocrine system hormones adrenal glands pituitary gland

3. Provide examples of your own life of when each of the subdivisions of the nervous system would be involved. a. Central 4. b. Peripheral Effect when sympathetic system is stimulated “fight of flight” C. Somatic Why? D. Autonomic E. Sympathetic Effect when parasympathetic system is stimulated “rest and digest” f. Parasympathetic Why? Pupil of the eye Heart Lungs Stomach 5. Explain the difference between afferent (sensory) neurons, efferent (motor) neurons, interneurons. Additionally, explain the concept of the reflex arc. Use what you know about the different types of neurons to explain phantom limb pain (research if you need to). 6. Explain how the endocrine system effects our behavior. 7. Identify the function of the each the following parts of the endocrine system. Determine how your life would be impacted if each part were to be damaged. a. Hypothalamus b. Pituitary gland c. Thyroid gland d. Adrenal gland 8. Create a Venn diagram that shows in what ways do the nervous system and the endocrine system act similarly? How do they act differently?

A. P. Psychology Assignment 11: The Brain pages 53 -57, 59 1. In your on words and on another piece of paper or on note cards identify the following terms and names: brainstem medulla thalamus reticular formation cerebellum limbic system amygdala hypothalamus cerebral cortex glial cells (glia) frontal lobes parietal lobes occipital lobes temporal lobes 2. In general what are the functions of brainstem structures? 3. Complete the chart of brainstem structures below: Structure Medulla Pons Cerebellum Reticular Formation Function motor cortex somatosensory cortex association areas Mnemonic device (your own) or borrowed corpus callosum split brain Paul Broca consciousness cognitive neuroscience Charles Darwin Michael Gazzaniga dual processing Roger Sperry Carl Wernick Impact if damaged

4. In general what are the functions of the limbic system? 5. Complete the chart of the limbic system below Structure Function Mnemonic device (your own) or borrowed Thalamus Amygdala Hypothalamus Hippocampus Basal Ganglia 6. How do the glial cells of the cerebral cortex support neurons? 7. Why does our brain have convolutions (wrinkles)? 8. In your own words, explain the concept of brain lateralization and contralateral control? Impact if damaged

9. Complete the chart of the Cerebral cortex below Structure Frontal Lobes Motor Cortex Somatosensory cortex Parietal Lobes Occipital Lobes Temporal lobes Prefrontal Cortex Corpus Callosum Broca’s area Wernicke’s area Function Mnemonic device (your own) or borrowed Impact if damaged

A. P. Psychology Assignment 12: Split brain research, trauma, and nature vs nurture. Pages 58, 60 -63 1. In your on words and on another piece of paper or on note cards identify the following terms and names: lesion electroencephalogram (EEG) CT (computed tomography) scan PET (positron emission tomography) scan MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) f. MRI (functional MRI) behavior genetics environment chromosomes DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) genes genome identical twins fraternal twins molecular genetics heritability 2. Explain what is learned from the following research strategies; Accidents, Lesions, EEG, CT, PET, MRI, and f. MRI. 3. Determine what method(s) of research you would recommend for each scenario. Explain your logic. a. Researchers are attempting to determine which parts of their brains they are using when testing a hypothesis. b. Researchers are studying the impacts of Alzheimer’s. c. Researchers are studying brain activity during the various stages of sleep. 4. What is neuroplasticity and when could it occur? What is the significance of plasticity? 5. How is neurogenesis different than neuroplasticity? 6. After reviewing page 61 and Study #1, explain step-by-step why Gazzaniga’s patients were able to: a. Say the word “ART” b. Point to the word “he” with their left hand. interaction Epigenetics evolutionary psychology plasticity neurogenesis natural selection mutation

7. What is the relationship between handedness and speech processing? 8. Create an analogy for the relationship between genes, chromosomes, and DNA. Example: Your book of life: Chromosomes DNA are the chapters Genes are the words in the chapter Your analogy: 10. Discuss the findings of Bouchard’s twin studies. What were some criticism of the study? 11. Explain how heredity, environment, and evolution work together to shape behavior.

A. P. Psychology Assignment 13: Sensation/Perception, Transduction, Thresholds pages 64 -71, 84 1. In your on words and on another piece of paper or on note cards identify the following terms and names: sensation perception bottom-up processing top-down processing selective attention inattentional blindness change blindness transduction psychophysics absolute threshold signal detection theory subliminal priming difference threshold Weber’s law sensory adaptation perceptual set extrasensory perception (ESP) parapsychology Gustav Fechner Robert Fantz Ernst Weber 2. Why do we study sensation and perception in psychology? 3. What is the difference between sensation and perception? 4. Give real life exampled of both top-down processing and bottom-up processing. 5. How does selective attention work and how does the cock-tail party effect function as an example of selective attention? 6. What do the following phenomena tell us about how humans attend to experiences in their environment. a. Inattentional blindness 7. Many people claim to be “multitaskers, ” capable of processing multiple tasks at one time. Use your knowledge of this section on attention to respond to that claim. 8. Why would it be impossible to experience our environment without transduction? 9. Give an example of sensory adaptation other than those give in the compendium or textbook. b. Change blindness c. Choice blindness d. selective attention (page 84)

10. Regarding signal detection theory, give an example from your own life of a stimulus or signal you are more likely to detect (hear, see, smell, and so on) than a friend or parent might be and why you would be more likely to detect it. 11. How might advertisement and political campaign ads on T. V. use subliminal messages and priming to influence your future decisions? 12. What does Weber’s law tell us about human perception? 13. Explain perceptual set and explain why people are more likely to see a ghost during Halloween or in a place that others say is haunted? 14. How should an owner of a restaurant be aware of the context effect when hiring his/her wait staff, designing the menu, and determining the décor?

A. P. Psychology Assignment 14: Vision, Theories of Color, Gestalt, Patterns, and Depth Perception pages 72 -78 1. In your on words and on another piece of paper or on note cards identify the following terms and names: wavelength hue intensity pupil iris lens retina accommodation rods cones optic nerve blind spot fovea feature detectors parallel processing opponent-process theory gestalt figure-ground grouping depth perception Young-Helmholtz trichromatic (three-color) theory visual cliff binocular cues retinal disparity monocular cues phi phenomenon perceptual constancy color constancy perceptual adaptation Eleanor Gibson David Hubel Torsten Wiesel 2. How does light intensity and light wavelength determine our awareness of hue and brightness? 3. Trace the path of light from when it enters into the cornea, is transduced into neural energy, and ends in the visual cortex of the occipital lobe. a. d. Cornea b. ______ (which is controlled by the iris) c. ______ _______ &________(sense receptors on the retina) e. _________(activated by chemical reactions) f. __________ ( whose axons for the optical nerve) g. ________ (the exit point at the back of the retina) H. __________ (message center of the brain) i. Visual cortex of the occipital lobe 4. How do rods and cones differ? 5. Where are feature detectors located and do they work together to portray a “whole” image? 6. If we saw a person walking toward us on the street, how would parallel processing help us analyze the scene?

7. How does the Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory explain how we see and perceive color? How does it explain color-blindness? 8. How does the opponent-process theory ass to the explanation of how we see and perceive color? 9. Gestalt, “the whole is other than the sum of its parts. ” How does this explain how humans organize their perceptions? 10. What is meant by the fundamental truth: Our brain does more than register information about the world? 11. Describe how depth perception helps us organize sensory input. How does retinal disparity contribute to our depth perception? 12. Referring to the work of Elanor Gibson and Richard Walk, discuss our general understanding about the age and onset of depth perception in the human species. How does it differ in various animal species? 13. What insight can the visual cliff study give us regarding the nature-nurture debate? 14. Why is perceptual constancy referred to as top-down processing? How do perceptual constancies help us organize our sensations into meaningful perceptions?

A. P. Psychology Assignment 15: Hearing, Olfaction, Gustation, and Body Positions pages 79 -84 1. In your on words and on another piece of paper or on note cards identify the following terms and names: audition frequency pitch middle ear cochlea inner ear sensorineural hearing loss conduction hearing loss cochlear implant place theory frequency theory gate-control theory kinesthesia vestibular sense sensory interaction embodied cognition 2. Why do psychologist study hearing? 3. Trace the path of sound waves through the ear beginning with the outer ear and ending with the auditory cortex of the temporal lobe. Include in your description each of the following (these terms are listed in alphabetical order and must be rearranged in your answer) auditory nerve basilar membrane cochlea eardrum ossicles (three tiny bones) oval window Pinna semicircular canals 4. How does Place theory explain how we discriminate pitch? How does frequency theory differ? 5. How do we locate sound? How might the placement of our ears make it difficult to hear sounds coming from certain locations? 6. Explain common hearing impairments and how they are treated. 7. Why do you think touch or pressure receptors are not evenly distributed among different areas of our body? 8. What are the benefits of feeling pain?

9. In your own words explain the gate control theory. 10. Why do evolutionary psychologist see taste as adaptive? 11. What is the evolutionary explanation for olfactory signals not processing first through the thalamus, as with other senses? 12. In what ways are smells connected with memories and emotion? Why do smells elicit strong memories? 13. What is the difference between your vestibular sense and kinesthetic sense?

A. P. Psychology Assignment 16: States of Consciousness, Sleep, Hypnosis pages 87 -97 1. In your on words and on another piece of paper or on note cards identify the following terms and names: consciousness Dual processing hypnosis posthypnotic suggestion dissociation circadian rhythm REM sleep alpha waves sleep hallucinations delta waves NREM sleep suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) insomnia narcolepsy sleep apnea night terrors dream manifest content latent content REM rebound William James Sigmund Freud Ernest Hilgard 2. What is consciousness? What do you think William James meant when he likened consciousness to an “everchanging stream or river” that is perceived to be unbroken? 3. Explain the concept of levels of consciousness and linked this theory to the dual processing theory. 4. How do scientist study our levels of consciousness? 5. Explain each to the various stages of sleep, include in your description the various brain waves that are associated with each stage. Stage Sleep onset NREM 1 and NREM 2 NREM 3 and NREM 4 Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Wave name and characteristics Common behaviors and experience during stage

6. Explain the process by which the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and melatonin work together to regulate sleep and wake cycles. How could looking at your cell phone in the middle of the night distort the SCN-melatonin process? 7. Sleep as protection from predators is most likely a view taken by which approach to psychology? Explain why, Sleep as recuperation, repair, and a supporter of growth is most likely a view taken by which approach? Explain why. Sleep as a memory rebuilder and nourishment for creative thinking is most likely a view take by which approach? Explain why. 8. Explain how a regular night’s sleep can dramatically improve your athletic performance. 9. Why do you dream? Psychoanalytic view. . . Information- processing view. . . Activation- synthesis. . . Biological view. . . Discuss research that supports the following quote, “For what one has dwelt on by day, these things are seen in visions of the night. ” 10. What are the differing explanations of hypnosis. Which do you most agree with and why? a. b. Ernest Higard and Dissociation Social influence theory

A. P. Psychology Assignment 17: Drugs- dependence, addiction, tolerance, and withdrawal pages 98 -100 1. In your on words and on another piece of paper or on note cards identify the following terms and names: substance use disorder psychoactive drug tolerance addiction withdrawal Depressants alcohol use disorder barbiturates opiates stimulants amphetamines nicotine cocaine methamphetamine Ecstasy (MDMA) hallucinogens LSD near-death experience THC 2. What role do tolerance, addiction, and withdrawal play in substance abuse disorders? Explain how the three are connected. 3. What are psychoactive drugs and how do they impact brain and induce altered states of consciousness? 4. Please complete the chart Type of Drug Depressant Stimulant Opiates Hallucinogens Examples Impact on Brain and Consciousness

5. Explain and give examples of how alcohol impacts a. Neural Processing 6. You are a psychologist with a thriving drug addiction and sleep disorders practice. A patient has just come to see you complaining of myriad symptoms and seeking your help. Your patient has been fired from his last three jobs because he arrives late to work, consistently falls asleep at his desk, and seems highly agitated around co-workers. Additionally, he often misses dues dates for projects or just completely forgets the due dates. b. Memory c. Self-awareness and self-control Use the sleep and drug disorders checklist to narrow down and rule out possible disorders. Then make and support your diagnosis. Sleep Disorder Behaviors I would expect to see Drug Patient exhibits (y or n) Disorder Behaviors I would expect to see Insomnia Stimulants Narcolepsy Depressants Sleep apnea Opiate Night Terrors Hallucinogen Diagnosis: Patient exhibits (y or n)

A. P. Psychology Assignment 18: Classical Conditioning pages 101 -109 1. In your on words and on another piece of paper or on note cards identify the following terms and names: learning Habituation (see extinction) associative learning stimulus cognitive learning classical conditioning Behaviorism neutral stimulus (NS) unconditioned response (UR) unconditioned stimulus (US) conditioned response (CR) conditioned stimulus (CS) acquisition higher-order conditioning (2 nd order) extinction spontaneous recovery generalization discrimination Ivan Pavlov John B. Watson John Garcia 2. Learning is the process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors. Why would information or behavior have to endure in order to be considered learned? 3. How does associative learning differ than instincts? 4. Review the five components of classical conditioning and apply them to the following scenario: One of the most famous examples of classical conditioning was John B. Watson’s experiment in which a fear response was conditioned in a boy known as Little Albert. The child initially showed no fear of a white rat, but after the rat was paired repeatedly with loud, scary sounds, the child would cry when the rat was present. The child's fear also generalized to other fuzzy white objects. (you may want to put in diagram form) US UR NS CS CR Additionally, connect this story to the concepts of phobia and stimulus generalization

5. Review the five components of classical conditioning and apply them to the following scenario: Another example of classical conditioning can be seen in the development of conditioned taste aversions. Researchers John Garcia and Bob Koelling first noticed this phenomenon when they observed how rats that had been exposed to a nausea-causing radiation developed an aversion to flavored water after the radiation and the water were presented together. (you may want to put in diagram form) US UR NS CS CR 6. Come up with your own example of classical conditioning at work. This example can be made up or something that you have experienced. Write a summary of the scenario Identify the following (you may want to put in diagram form) Unconditioned Stimulus Unconditioned Response Neutral Stimulus Conditioned Response Your example should also reference: Acquisition, Extinction, Spontaneous recovery, stimulus generalization, stimulus discrimination, and higher-order learning (aka second order)

A. P. Psychology Assignment 19: Operant Conditioning Pages 110 - 116 1. In your on words and on another piece of paper or on note cards identify the following terms and names: operant conditioning law of effect operant chamber reinforcement shaping discriminative stimulus positive reinforcement negative reinforcement primary reinforcer conditioned reinforcer reinforcement schedule continuous reinforcement partial (intermittent) reinforcement fixed-ratio schedule variable-ratio schedule fixed-interval schedule variable-interval schedule punishment biofeedback respondent behavior B. F. Skinner Edward Thorndike 2. In your own words, describe how operant conditioning is different than classical conditioning. Include in your description the different types of behavior that each addresses. 3. Give an example in your own life of operant conditioning. 4. What is another way to state Thorndike’s law of effect? 5. How does positive reinforcement differ than negative reinforcement? Give an example from your life in school where positive reinforcement strengthened a behavior. Give an example from your life in school where negative reinforcement strengthened a behavior. Give an example of how you have used the Premack Principle in your life. 6. How do primary and secondary reinforcers differ? Give an example of a secondary reinforcer in Your life.

7. Explain how you would use shaping to teach a dog how to fetch a ball and bring it back to your feet. 8. Provide examples (other than text and compendium) for fixed ratio schedules, variable ratio schedules, fixed intervals schedules, and variable intervals schedules. 9. Using what you know about association, explain why variable schedules are more resistant to extinction. 10. Using what you know about association, explain why fixed ratio schedules result in higher productivity. 11. Provide an example of both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in schools. Where might we see the over-justification effect in schools? Would you learn without grades? 12. How does punishment differ than reinforcement? Specifically how does punishment differ than negative reinforcement? 13. How does positive reinforcement differ than negative reinforcement? Give an example from your life in school where positive punishment reduced the frequency of an undesirable behavior. Give an example from your life in school where negative punishment reduced the frequency of an undesirable behavior. 14. Now that you understand B. F. Skinner’s principles of operant conditioning, how would you attempt to a. b. Influence you’re a member of your group to contribute more on a project? Influence your older sibling or friend to let you borrow their car?

A. P. Psychology Assignment 20: Insight learning, observational learning, latent learning pages 117 - 121 1. In your on words and on another piece of paper or on note cards identify the following terms and names: cognitive map latent learning insight intrinsic motivation extrinsic motivation coping problem-focused coping emotion-focused coping learned helplessness external locus of control internal locus of control self-control observational learning modeling mirror neurons prosocial behavior Albert Bandura Robert Rescorla Edward Tolman 2. Summarize and discuss the importance of Robert Rescorla’s idea of the contingency model. Relate this to the idea of a variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement and explain why this method is best to prevent extinction. 3. Summarize Edward Tolman’s work with rats in a maze. What does this research teach us about learning? 4. Give an example in your own life of latent learning. 5. How does insight learning differ from latent learning? 6. How can humans learn helplessness? 7. Summarize and explain the implications of Albert Bandura’s work with the Bobo dolls and modeling of aggression. 8. Apply the concept of observational learning to your own life.

A. P. Psychology Assignment 21: Language Pages 136 - 138 1. In your on words and on another piece of paper or on note cards identify the following terms and names: language phoneme morpheme grammar babbling stage one-word stage two-word stage telegraphic speech aphasia Broca’s area Wernicke’s area linguistic determinism Noam Chomsky Benjamin Lee Whorf 2. Discuss the various forms of communication that could be considered language. 3. Explain how phonemes differ from morphemes. 4. Write a sentence that has poor syntax. 5. List and describe the stages of productive language. 6. Briefly explain Noam Chomsky’s view regarding how children acquire language. Be sure to address the critical period in language development. 7. Based on the research, what advice would you give a friend who is hoping to raise her new son to be multilingual? 8. Briefly explain aphasia. How would Broca’s aphasia manifest differently than Wernicke’s aphasia manifest? 9. What is Whorf’s linguistic determinism and discuss why it may be too extreme of a hypothesis in explaining the relationship between language and thinking.

A. P. Psychology Assignment 22: Problem Solving, Heuristics and algorithms, creativity pages 139 -144 1. In your on words and on another piece of paper or on note cards identify the following terms and names: cognition concept prototype creativity convergent thinking divergent thinking algorithm heuristic insight confirmation bias mental set intuition representativeness heuristic availability heuristic overconfidence belief perseverance Framing Functional Fixedness Daniel Kahneman Amos Tversky 2. Explain how prototype and concepts simply cognition. 3. What is a schema and what problems arise when an object, person, or event does not fit into our schemas? 4. Why do many psychologist suggest that intuition is memory. 5. Discuss how algorithms differ from heuristics as problem-solving strategies. 6. How have you personally used algorithms and heuristics in problem-solving strategies? 7. How is the use of heuristics similar to gestalt psychology? Refer to page 20 for a list of heuristics and page 77 for gestalt laws. 8. Explain how the process of convergent and divergent thinking contribute to creativity. 9. Using Robert Sternberg’s five components of creativity, consider whether you self-identify as creative. Support or refute each of the five components with a specific example from your life. 10. William James states that imagination is perception running backwards and it has been verified that imagination and perception use the same neuro circuits. In your mind what is the relationship between creativity and logic?

A. P. Psychology Assignment 23: Intelligence, Testing and Individual differences pages 209 -214 1. In your on words and on another piece of paper or on note cards identify the following terms and names: intelligence test general intelligence (g) factor analysis savant syndrome Triarchic Theory grit emotional intelligence crystallized intelligence fluid intelligence Francis Galton Daniel Goleman Charles Spearman Robert Sternberg Howard Gardner 2. Define intelligence in your own words. Do you feel intelligence is a single general ability or a cluster of different mental abilities? 3. Explain the difference between fluid and crystallized intelligence. Discuss the impacts of formal education on both. 4. Complete the chart below Psychologist against theory Charles Spearman Robert Sternberg Howard Gardner Daniel Goleman Explanation of Theory Where do we see this in schools? Arguments

A. P. Psychology Assignment 24: Measuring Intelligence pages 215 -223 1. In your on words and on another piece of paper or on note cards identify the following terms and names: mental age Stanford-Binet intelligence quotient (IQ) achievement test aptitude test Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) standardization normal curve reliability validity content validity predictive validity cohort crystallized intelligence fluid intelligence intellectual disability Down syndrome heritability stereotype threat Flynn Effect Self-fulfilling Prophecies Louis Terman David Wechsler Alfred Binet 2. Explain the development of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence scale. 3. Explain the relationship between chronological age and mental age. 4. Use the formal used by Terman to determine the IQ of a. a 10 year-old boy who answers questions at an 8 year-old level b. a 6 year-old boy who answers questions at a 10 -year-old level c. a 7 year-old boy who answers questions at a 7 year-old level 5. How does the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) differ from the Stanford-Binet? 6. What population should be used in order to standardize the AP psychology exam? After determining the population, explain how the exam can be standardized. 7. Draw and label a normal curve of intelligence scores. Include three standard deviations above and below the mean and the percentages that fall within one, two, and three standard deviations. Why is the normal curve important to standardized testing?

8. Why is reliability a key consideration in test development? What are two specific methods researchers utilize to measure the reliability of a test? 9. How does content validity differ from predictive validity of a test? Give real-life examples of a test that demonstrates both content and predictive validity. 10. Using the study conducted by Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobson, explain how concepts such as self-fulfilling prophecy and Stereotype threat can impact test scores. 11. Define the Flynn effect and describe the explanations that have been suggested for its occurrence.

A. P. Psychology Assignment 25: Nature v Nurture, Fetal Development and motor skills, Attachment and parenting 1. In your on words and on another piece of paper or on note cards identify the following terms and names: developmental psychology zygote embryo fetus teratogens fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) habituation Maturation autism spectrum disorder (ASD) stranger anxiety attachment critical period imprinting Temperament cross-sectional study longitudinal study pages 166 -174 Konrad Lorenz Mary Ainsworth Harry Harlow Diana Baumrind 2. Give an example how your genetic inheritance (nature) interreacted with your experiences (nurture) to influence your development. 3. Give an example from your life of a part of your development that was gradual and continuous. Then, give an example that was abrupt and discontinuous. 4. Describe the stages that occur in prenatal development from conception to birth. Include three distinct stages and developments of each. 5. Define and provide examples of teratogens. Why would developmental psychologist be interested in studying teratogens? 6. Why would material alcohol consumption have an epigenetic effect on the fetus? 7. Briefly list and describe the newborn’s reflexes. 8. In what ways did Margaret Harlow and Harry Harlow’s experiments with wire and cloth monkeys overturn the previously help belief that attachment was based on satisfaction of nourishment needs? What are the implications of Harlow’s findings? 9. How did the work of Konrad Lorenz add to the explanation of how attachment bonds are formed in children? Use key terms in your response.

10. How did Mary Ainsworth’s work with strange situations design help answer the question of attachment differences? 11. How can attachment type, caregiver behaviors, and child behaviors create a cycle in much the same way that a teacher’s expectations of student can impact test scores? 12. A teenager wants to extend her curfew and stay out late with her friends. Using information on Diana Baumrind’s research on parenting styles, create an imagined dialog exchange between the teen and a. Her authoritarian parent. b. Her permissive parent. c. Her authoritative parent. 13. What does research indicate is the correlation between parenting styles and future personality traits of children?

A. P. Psychology Assignment 26: Piaget’s and Vygotsky’s theories pages 175 - 180 1. In your on words and on another piece of paper or on note cards identify the following terms and names: cognition schema assimilation accommodation sensorimotor stage object permanence preoperational stage conservation concrete operational stage formal operational stage Scaffolding Zones of Proximal Development Information Processing Jean Piaget Lev Vygotsky 2. Explain how a child might assimilate (absorbing new information into existing schema) and accommodate (adjust old schemas to or developing new ones to incorporate) information about Santa as they get older into their. 3. Complete the chart below detailing Piaget’s stages of cognitive development. Stage Sensorimotor Preoperational Concrete Operation Formal Operation Approximate Age range Name and Description of tasks to be mastered Key Words

4. What are some major criticism of Piaget’s theory? For a complete breakdown you may want to look at study 18. 5. In what ways does Lev Vygotsky agree and disagree with Piaget? 6. How can Piaget’s findings on children’s cognitive development be used by babysitters to better understand the thoughts of small children?

A. P. Psychology Assignment 27: Kohlberg’s theory page 181 -182 1. In your on words and on another piece of paper or on note cards identify the following terms and names: Pre-Conventional Post-Conventional Lawrence Kohlberg Carol Gilligan 2. How might Kohlberg’s stages of moral development be influenced by the work of Jean Piaget? 3. Explain how morality gradually changes from preconventional through conventional to postconventional stages, according to Lawrence Kohlberg. 4. Describe the decisions an individual might make when considering whether or not to cheat on an exam if they are in the a. Preconventional stage: b. Conventional stage: c. Postconventional stage: 5. Explain the Carol Gilligan’s criticism of Kohlberg’s theory.

A. P. Psychology Assignment 28: Erikson’s theory pages 183 -189 1. In your on words and on another piece of paper or on note cards identify the following terms and names: basic trust self-concept role adolescence identity social identity intimacy emerging adulthood Erikson Sigmund Freud 2. Please complete the chart below by filling in the issue for each stage and a real-life example that illustrates each stage. Stage Infancy (to 1 year) Toddlerhood (1 to 3 years) Preschool (3 to 6 years) Elementary school (6 years to puberty) Adolescence (teen into 20’s) Young adulthood (20 s to 40 s) Middle adulthood (40 s to 60 s) Late adulthood (60 s and up) Issue Real-life example that illustrates stage

3. Discuss the research on intimacy and discuss the link between intimacy and happiness. 4. List the ways that research has shown peers influence your personal development. 5. List the ways that research has shown parents influence your personal development. 6. How is Erikson’s development theory similar and different to Sigmund Freud’s (page 183 in compendium).

A. P. Psychology Assignment 29: Gender Development page 188 1. In your on words and on another piece of paper or on note cards identify the following terms and names: gender aggression gender role gender identity Social-cognitive theory gender typing transgender X chromosome Y chromosome testosterone puberty primary sex characteristics secondary sex characteristics menarche sexual orientation menopause social clock 2. Using your textbook, what statistics does the author include to support his contention that men are more aggressive than women? From your own experience, do you agree or disagree with these statistics? 3. Using your textbook, what examples does the author cite to support his statement that social power is inequitably distributed? Why might these differences persist in the modern world? 4. Using your textbook, what research does the author include that supports his views that women are more socially connected that are men? Base on your experiences do you agree or disagree with this view? 5. To what extent do you feel these or other difference are biological/evolutionary? Social? 6. Discuss how the roles of men and women vary among cultures. 7. How do terms biological sex and gender differ from each other? 8. How do the terms gender roles, gender typing, gender schema, and gender identity relate and differ from one another? 9. How is gender identity different from sexual orientation?

A. P. Psychology Assignment 30: Motivation pages 145 -155 1. In your on words and on another piece of paper or on note cards identify the following terms and names: motivation instinct drive-reduction theory homeostasis incentive Yerkes-Dodson law hierarchy of needs glucose set point basal metabolic rate sexual response cycle refractory period sexual dysfunction estrogens testosterone William Masters/Virginia Johnson Alfred Kinsey Abraham Maslow 2. How do psychologist define motivation? Describe some of the nature and nurture factors that influence motivation. 3. Complete the chart below Perspective/Theory Instinct/Evolutionary Drive-Reduction Optimal Arousal Theory Hierarchy of Needs Key Terms Key Contributors Summary

4. You have just been hired to coach a little league baseball team. Explain how you would use your understanding of the Drive-Reduction theory, incentive theory, and Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs to motivate individuals on the team. 5. Explain why different levels of arousal might be required for tasks of different difficulty. Use the following figure as a guide. 6. Using a biopsychosocial approach and information found on this topic provide various explanations as to why someone may be obese. 7. Briefly summarize the work of Masters and Johnson in the 1960’s. 8. How might creators of advertisements consider the biopsychosocial factors of sex when creating an ad to be played during the Super Bowl? 9. Using examples from your life, report a time when you were motivated extrinsically and report a time when you were motivated intrinsically.

A. P. Psychology Assignment 31: Emotion and Stress pages 156 to 165 1. In your on words and on another piece of paper or on note cards identify the following terms and names: emotion James-Lange theory Cannon-Bard theory polygraph facial feedback effect health psychology stress Schacter-Singer two-factor theory Use these 3 words to answer questions 1 and 2 general adaptation syndrome (GAS) tend and befriend response psychophysiological illness psychoneuroimmunology lymphocytes coronary heart disease Type A Type B Emotion Paul Ekman William James Stanley Schacter Hans Selye Physiological Arousal Bodily response 1. Place three words in the box above in the order they would occur according to the James-Lange theory of emotion. 2. Place three words in the box above in the order they would occur according to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion. 3. Think of an example of a stimulus that produces and emotional response. Use both the James-Lange and the Cannon-Bard theory to explain why the emotion occurred. 4. Place the following four words in the order that they would occur according to the Schachter and Singer’s two factor theory. emotion Stimulus Physiological arousal cognitive label Discuss how important you think the addition of cognitive labelling is to emotional theory. 5. In what does the work of Zajonc, Le. Doux, and Lazarus contradict the work of the previous theorist? 6. What role does the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems play in emotional arousal?

7. Hakim is new to CB West, having just arrived from Ethiopia where he has lived since he was born. He is worried that he will have trouble being accepted here as people may not understand his facial expressions. Based on your understanding of Paul Ekman’s research how would you address Hakim’s concerns? 8. Jennifer is a young gymnast competing in her first meet. Neither one of her parents know anything about gymnastics but they both advise her to smile. As it turns out why is this excellent advice? 9. Combining what you know about the impact of stress on lymphocytes, G. A. S. and SRRS develop a theory that explains why it is common for a college freshman to get sick after the first semester.

A. P. Psychology Assignment 32: Psychoanalytic and Humanist personality theories pages 190 -200 1. In your on words and on another piece of paper or on note cards identify the following terms and names: personality free association psychoanalysis unconscious 2. id Ego superego psychosexual stages Oedipus [ED-uh-puss] complex identification fixation defense mechanisms repression psychodynamic theories Inferiority complex collective unconscious humanistic theories self-actualization unconditional positive regard self-concept Sigmund Freud Alfred Adler Karen Horney Carl Jung Abraham Maslow Carl Rodgers Complete the chart below Function Focus or Principle upon which it operates Personal Example Id Ego Superego 3. Give a brief summary of each of Freud’s psychosexual stages, and explain the conflicts that Freud believed were present during each phase.

4. Using the list found on page 197, create your own example for each defense mechanism. 5. Explain the problems and criticisms of Freud’s theories. List some of Freud’s theories that endure today. 6. Complete the chart below Psychodynamic psychologist Contribution/Theory How was their theory similar and/or different than Freud’s Karen Horney Alfred Adler Carl Jung 7. Explain the essential difference between the 1960 s humanistic view on personality and the earlier emphasis on psychoanalytic view. 8. Briefly explain the views of Rodgers and Maslow making sure to incorporate the terms; self-concept, self-esteem, self-actualization, and unconditioned positive regard.

A. P. Psychology Assignment 33: Other Theories and measuring personality pages 200 -208 1. In your on words and on another piece of paper or on note cards identify the following terms and names: Projection test Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) Rorschach inkblot test false consensus effect self-esteem self-efficacy self-serving bias narcissism 2. terror-management theory trait personality inventory The Big Five Factors of Personality individualism Collectivism Locus of Control Herman Rorschach Paul Costa Robert Mc. Crea Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) empirically derived test social-cognitive perspective behavioral approach reciprocal determinism positive psychology self spotlight effect Martin Seligman Gordon Allport Juilian Rotter Provide an example from your own life of the three parts of the reciprocal-determinism model. How might reciprocal determinism impact one’s feelings about taking exams? 3. Using Bandura’s concept of self-efficacy, George Kelly’s personal-construct theory, Julian Rotter’s locus of control, and Martin Seligman’s learned helplessness Explain how we are both the, “products and the architects of our environment. ” 4. Explain how Gordan Allport differed from Sigmund Freud in his description of personality. 5. What conclusions did Hans Eyesenck come to regarding personality traits? 6. According to trait theorists Costa and Mc. Crae, what are the five basic dimensions of Personality?

7. Complete the chart below. Method of Assessment Direct observation Projective Test Self-Reported test Examples Description Evaluation of quality Is the method reliable and Valid

A. P. Psychology Assignment 34: Psychological Disorders, Explaining disorders, anxiety and mood disorders 1. In your on words and on another piece of paper or on note cards identify the following terms and names: psychological disorder DSM-5 anxiety disorders generalized anxiety disorder panic disorder phobia social anxiety disorder agoraphobia Medical model obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) post-traumatic growth mood disorders major depressive disorder mania bipolar disorder rumination page 224 -234 Philippe Pinel 2. What are the four standards in determining if the behavior is abnormal? 3. Jane is a high-school senior suffering from symptoms of depression. She is overheating, sleeping more hours than normal, and has no interest in going out with her friends. Her parents are very worried about her because they fear hear grades will sleep and she won’t get into college. a. How might the medical modal explain Jane’s depressive symptoms? b. How might Psychodynamic psychologist explain Jane’s depressive symptoms? c. How might a humanist explain Jane’s depressive symptoms? d. What explanation would a cognitive psychologist offer? e. What would a behaviorist suggest? f. How might the biopsychosocial model offer an explanation for Jane’s depressive symptoms?

4. Roberto leaves his home for the office each morning at 5: 30 a. m. to allow time to check to see if his front door is locked. After locking the door, he gets into his car, but on the way to work he wonders if he actually locked the door. He returns home to make certain he has locked the front door. He confirms that it is locked and gets back into his car. As he turns the ignition in the car, preparing to head back toward work, he wonders once again if he fully engaged the lock and leaving the engine running, he returns to check the front door. Roberto will check and recheck his front door an additional 27 times before finally arriving to work at 8: 00. It is likely that Roberto suffers from___________ 5. One of the concerns regarding panic attacks and specific phobias is that, if intense enough, the fears can lead to avoiding places where the attack or stimulus may occur and may eventually keep a person trapped in the home. This subsequent disorder is called_________ 6. Michelle is riding in an elevator to the 17 th floor of her office building and is experiencing intense fear that the elevator is going to break. She finds it hard to breathe and cannot swallow. Michelle's heart rate has accelerated and she is dizzy. She has never been afraid of elevators before and has ridden them easily all of her life. Most likely, Michelle is suffering from ___________ 7. Rebecca is a high school student who is president of the National Honor Society, a gifted athlete and co-captain of the field hockey team, and takes numerous AP® courses. Over the last few weeks she has not felt hungry and is sleeping for only two hours a night. Rebecca knows she is low on energy and is making mistakes on the playing field and on her course exams. She feels guilty for not being a better co-captain and for letting down her parents in her studies. Most likely Rebecca is dealing with____________ 8. a. b. c. Selena suffers from bi-polar disorder. List three common behaviors you might expect to see when Selena is in the manic phase.

A. P. Psychology Assignment 35: Schizophrenia, Dissociative Disorders, Personality Disorders, Other Disorders pages 235 -242 1. In your on words and on another piece of paper or on note cards identify the following terms and names: schizophrenia psychosis delusions hallucination 2. somatic symptom disorder conversion disorder illness anxiety disorder dissociative disorders dissociative identity disorder (DID) personality disorders antisocial personality disorder Schizophrenia Prevalence v Symptoms Impact on areas of the brain and outcomes v 3. Describe the varying explanations as to what causes schizophrenia. Relate this to the nature-nurture argument. 4. Connect the picture on the right to your understanding of dissociative identity disorder. 5. What makes dissociative Amnesia different from other forms of amnesia?

6. Complete the chart below for personality disorders Cluster Behaviors or Emotions expressed in this cluster Examples of Personality Disorder A B C 7. Describe the 4 defining features of personality disorders. 8. Describe the symptoms of Antisocial Personality disorder. Research the impact that genetics and brain structures may have on this disorder. Research how environmental factors influence the development of antisocial personality disorders. 9. Describe the general characteristics of somatic symptom disorders. Provide some specific examples. 10. Compare the symptoms of conversion disorder with those of illness anxiety disorder.

A. P. Psychology Assignment 36: Other Disorders, Consequences of labels, psychology and the legal system 1. In your on words and on another piece of paper or on note cards identify the following terms and names: anorexia nervosa bulimia nervosa binge-eating disorder 2. attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Autism Insanity pages 243 - 246 David Rosenhan Complete the eating disorders chart below Disorder Anorexia Nervosa Symptoms 3. Using your textbook or other sources research the general findings of characteristics of families with a child suffering from an eating disorder. Bulimia Nervosa Binge-eating 4. Describe Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and Autism. Research reasons as to why they both seem more prevalent today as compared to other times in history. 5. When discussing abnormal psychology why is the Rosehnan study important to note? How might labelling lead to both positive and negative consequences? 6. Discuss the intersection between psychology and the legal system. Include the terms insanity and confidentiality in you description.

A. P. Psychology Assignment 37: Psychotherapy Treatments (Biomedical, psychodynamic, Cognitive Triad, Humanistic, Behavioral) 1. In your on words and on another piece of paper or on note cards identify the following terms and names: psychotherapy biomedical therapy eclectic approach psychoanalysis resistance interpretation transference psychodynamic therapy insight therapies client-centered therapy active listening unconditional positive regard behavior therapy counterconditioning exposure therapies systematic desensitization virtual reality exposure therapy aversive conditioning token economy cognitive therapy pages 247 -259 rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT) cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) meta-analysis 2. Compare the methods of psychotherapy, biomedical therapy, and the eclectic approach in how they are used to treat psychological disorders. 3. Complete the chart below about models of treatment Model of treatment Psychodynamic Cognitive Humanistic Behavioral Belief about origin of problem treatment techniques Dorothea Dix Sigmund Freud Albert Ellis Aaron Beck Carl Rodgers Mary Cover Jones Joseph Wolpe BF Skinner Fitz Perls

4. Use the Venn diagram to compare and contrast the psychodynamic approach with the Humanistic approach Psychodynamic Humanistic 5. What are three traits that humanistic therapists use in therapy. Describe how they are used. 6. How can changing the word “patient” to “client, ” as Carl Rodgers did, impact therapy? 7. Briefly explain Albert Ellis’s ideas and Aaron Beck’s ideas and explain how they are both very consistent with the overall cognitive approach.

8. Explain why Mary Cover Jones is considered the mother of behavioral therapy. 9. Complete the chart below Behavioral Approach Counter conditioning techniques Systematic Desensitization Flooding (exposure technique) Aversive Conditioning Behavior Modification Token economies Biofeedback Method/Example Goal Personal experiences?

A. P. Psychology Assignment 38: Biomedical, treatment formats, Resilience and Competence 1. In your on words and on another piece of paper or on note cards identify the following terms and names: group therapy family therapy evidence-based practice therapeutic alliance 2. Resilience psychopharmacology antipsychotic drugs antianxiety drugs antidepressant drugs electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) psychosurgery lobotomy pages 260 -265 repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (r. TMS) Use the compendium and textbook to complete the following chart Type of Drug Antipsychotic Drugs Antianxiety Drugs Antidepressant Drugs Mood stabilizers Drug names Method of operation Neurotransmitter activity Side Effects/Drawback Success rates?

3. Describe the procedures of Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (r. TMS). What are common outcomes of both procedures? 4. Discuss psychosurgeries as treatment? Why are they used as an absolute last resort? 5. What are the benefits of group therapy as opposed to individual therapy? 6. Discuss the reasons why a therapist would suggest family therapy for someone suffering from a disorder. 7. Explain what is meant by evidence-based practices. 8. Describe the various prevention strategies that build resilience and promote competence.

A. P. Psychology Assignment 39: Social Psychology, Persuasion, Attitude, Attribution, Self-Prophecy 1. In your on words and on another piece of paper or on note cards identify the following terms and names: social psychology attribution theory fundamental attribution error attitude peripheral route persuasion central route persuasion foot-in-the-door phenomenon mere exposure effect reciprocity norm cognitive dissonance theory Self-serving bias False-consensus effect just-world phenomenon self-fulfilling prophecy page 269 -275 Leon Festinger Richard La. Piere Harold Kelley James Carlsmith Robert Rosenthal 2. Give some examples of behaviors or situations that a social psychologist might study? 3. Give an example of how our attitudes and behaviors affect each other. 4. Describe how political campaign would use the following concepts to convince you to support/vote for a candidate a. b. c. d. e. Peripheral route of persuasion Central route of persuasion Foot-in the-door phenomenon Norms of reciprocity Mere exposure effect 5. Explain the difference between dispositional (internal) and situational (external) attribution. Give and example of each. 6. Jane recently received an F on her math test. What might be a situational attribution Jane could make to explain the F? How about a dispositional attribution? 7. Describe the fundamental attribution error. How would someone commit it when describing why they were cutoff by a driver? How would someone commit when describing why they cutoff another driving? 8. Explain Leon Festinger’s concept of cognitive dissonance. Describe a time that you have experienced cognitive dissonance.

9. Give a real-life example of serving bias. Give a real-life example of just-world phenomenon. How might both concepts distort our view of reality? 10. Explain the impact of behavior on self-fulfilling prophecy. Explain how the views that other people have on us, can impact our beliefs about ourselves and in turn our behaviors.

A. P. Psychology Assignment 40: Presence of others, group behavior, responding to others. Pages 276 -284 1. In your on words and on another piece of paper or on note cards identify the following terms and names: social facilitation social loafing bystander effect Diffusion of responsibility deindividuation group polarization groupthink normative social influence informational social influence conformity Chameleon Effect John Darley Bibb Latane Gordon Allport Philip Zimbardo Solomon Asch Stanley Milgram 2. Explain social facilitation and provide an original example. 3. Provide an original example for social loafing. 4. Using the terms bystander effect, diffusion of responsibility, and pluralistic ignorance, explain why nobody came to Kitty Genovese’s help even though see repeatedly screamed for help. 5. Summarize Asch’s experiment on conformity. What are the factors that promote conformity? 6. Summarize Milgram’s work on obedience. What are the factors that contribute to obedience? 7. Provide an example where obedience is helpful to society and provide examples where obedience can be harmful. 8. Briefly explain Phillip Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison experiment. Why did he have to end it early? What does this tell us about the power of deindividuation? 9. Explain how groupthink, group polarization, deindividuation, conformity, obedience, diffusion of responsibility, pluralistic ignorance, and the bystander effect all contribute to hazing. Note: You may find it easier to draw a diagram and label the pictures.

A. P. Psychology Assignment 41: Social and Cultural categories and group dynamics Pages 285 -288 1. In your on words and on another piece of paper or on note cards identify the following terms and names: normative social influence informational social influence culture norm prejudice stereotype discrimination ingroup outgroup ingroup bias scapegoat theory other-race effect Muzafer Sherif Henri Tajfel 2. How does the word norm relate to culture? Describe two cultural norms. 3. How do social and cultural categories impact our self-concept? 4. Explain how stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination are all connected together. Provide an example from history. 5. Explain how ingroup bias is present in high school cliques, rival sports, and politics. How might this lead to prejudice and discrimination? 6. How might the scapegoat theory be used to explain bullying?

A. P. Psychology Assignment 42: Altruism, Aggression, Attraction Page 289 -292 1. In your on words and on another piece of paper or on note cards identify the following terms and names: aggression frustration-aggression principle social script passionate love companionate love equity self-disclosure altruism social exchange theory social-responsibility norm conflict social trap mirror-image perceptions superordinate goals GRIT 2. Explain the factors that are likely to increase altruistic behavior. 3. Provide a biopsychosocial explanation for aggression. 4. Describe how the frustration-aggression principle explains increased amounts of aggression in certain cases. 5. How do both proximity and the mere exposure effect impact how much we like something or someone? 6. What are the key factors that impact attraction? 7. Sally and Steve have been dating for awhile and are considering marriage as the next step in their relationship. You are a marriage counselor who understands the factors that influence attraction. Prepare a brief overview for Sally and Steve of how they can expect their love to change over time, and the factors that increase the odds of them having a successful marriage. Use the psychological concepts from this unit.