A New Tool for Historians of Science Citations
- Slides: 52
A New Tool for Historians of Science: Citations and Co-Citations in Scientific Correspondences Yves Gingras Canada Research Chair History and Sociology of Science
Correspondance de Mersenne • Périod = 1617 -1648 • Correspondents = 88 • Letters = 1880 • Citations = 3481 • Co-citations = 5827
Distribution géographique des correspondants de Mersenne
Principaux auteurs cités dans la correspondance de Mersenne 45 Descarte s 40 35 Galilée 30 25 Gassendi 20 15 Roberval 10 5 Aristote 1648 1646 1644 1642 1640 1638 1636 1634 1632 1630 1628 1626 1624 1622 1620 1618 1616 0
Principaux auteurs cités dans la correspondance de Mersenne (moyenne mobile sur 3 ans) 35 30 Descarte s 25 Galilée 20 Gassendi 15 10 Roberval 5 Aristote 1648 1646 1644 1642 1640 1638 1636 1634 1632 1630 1628 1626 1624 1622 1620 1618 1616 0
Principaux auteurs cités dans Mersenne par période de 4 ans 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1617 -1620 1621 -1624 1625 -1628 1629 -1632 1633 -1636 0 0 2 10 2 Galilée 0 0 3 3 62 47 32 65 Gassendi 0 0 4 24 50 12 40 66 Roberval 0 0 0 1 5 39 27 100 Aristote 4 2 8 13 11 18 17 16 1617 -1620 Descartes 1621 -1624 1625 -1628 1629 -1632 1633 -1636 1637 -1640 78 1641 -1644 74 1645 -1648 87 Descartes Gassendi Roberval Aristote Galilée
Ucinet Matrix of co-citations in Mersenne
Co-citation network in Mersenne(1617 -1648)
Co-citation network in Mersenne (1617 -1631) (20 most cited authors ( Norm ≥ 0, 2) Norm = N cocit (a, b) (cit a * cit b)½
Co-citation network in Mersenne (1632 -1636) (20 most cited authors ( Norm ≥ 0, 2) Norm = N cocit (a, b) (cit a * cit b)½
Co-citation network in Mersenne (1637 -1641) (20 most cited authors ( Norm ≥ 0, 2) Norm = N cocit (a, b) (cit a * cit b)½
Co-citation network in Mersenne (1642 -1648) (20 most cited authors ( Norm ≥ 0, 2) Norm = N cocit (a, b) (cit a * cit b)½
Changing centrality of actors in Mersenne’s correspondence 1620 -1629 rang nom 1630 -1639 N. co-cit rang nom 1640 -1649 N. co-cit rang nom N. co-cit 1 Aristote 34 1 Galilée 303 1 Descartes 563 2 Horace 27 2 Gassendi(Pierre) 224 2 Roberval (Gilles Personnne de) 426 3 Gueneau 20 3 Roberval (Gilles Personnne de) 201 3 Galilée 358 4 Virgile 19 4 Beaugrand (Jean de) 168 4 Gassendi(Pierre) 354 4 Euclide 19 5 Fermat 150 5 Huygens (Constantin) 230 5 Amama 18 6 Morin(Jean-Baptiste) 147 6 Torricelli (Evangelista) 220 6 Descartes 17 7 Hardy (Claude) 142 7 Hobbes (Thomas) 205 6 Mydorge(Claude) 17 8 Descartes 138 8 Saumaise (Claude) 198 6 Gassendi(Pierre) 17 9 Petit (Pierre) 134 9 Fermat 190 7 Beeckman (Isaac) 16 10 Desargues (Girard) 126 10 Archimède 180 8 Apollonius de Perge 15 8 Golius (Jacques) 15 9 Platon 14 10 Levasseur 12 10 Augustin 12
Oldenburg Correspondence • Périod = 1641 -1677 • correspondents = 145 • letters = 3296 • citations = 6842 • co-citations = 15783
Principaux auteurs cités dans la correspondance d'Oldenburg (moyenne mobile sur 3 ans) 60 Boyle, Robert 50 40 Wallis, John 30 Hooke, Robert 20 10 Huygens, Christiaan 0 1678 1676 1674 1672 1670 1668 1666 1664 1662 1660 1658 1656
160 Principaux auteurs cités dans Oldenburg par période de 3 ans 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1657 -1659 1660 -1662 1657 -1659 1663 -1665 1660 -1662 1666 -1668 1669 -1671 1663 -1665 1666 -1668 1669 -1671 1672 -1674 1675 -1677 Boyle, Robert 11 17 33 59 117 156 83 Wallis, John 0 3 46 60 90 85 37 Hooke, Robert 0 0 38 64 46 73 72 Huygens, Christiaan 5 0 47 34 66 85 29 Huy H B
Co-citation Network in Oldenburg (1656 -1677)
Co-citation Network in Oldenburg(1656 -1677) (n>24 co-citations)
Co-citation Network in Oldenburg (1656 -1677) (n> 39 co-citations)
Co-citation Network in Oldenburg(1654 -1667) (20 most cited authors (Norm ≥ 0, 2)) Norm = N cocit (a, b) (cit a * cit b)½
Co-citation Network in Oldenburg(1668 -1670) (20 most cited authors (Norm ≥ 0, 2)) Norm = N cocit (a, b) (cit a * cit b)½
Co-citation Network in Oldenburg (1671 -1673) (20 most cited authors (Norm ≥ 0, 2)) Norm = N cocit (a, b) (cit a * cit b)½
Co-citation Network in Oldenburg (1674 -1677) (20 most cited authors (Norm ≥ 0, 2)) Norm = N cocit (a, b) (cit a * cit b)½
Changing Centrality in Oldenburg 1650 -1659 rang nom 1660 -1669 N. co-cit rang nom 1670 -1679 N. co-cit rang nom N. co-cit 1 Jones, Richard 38 1 Wallis, John 663 1 Boyle, Robert 1180 2 Descartes, René 34 2 Hooke, Robert 558 2 Wallis, John 864 3 Boyle, Robert 24 3 Boyle, Robert 528 3 Huygens, Christiaan 709 3 Huygens, Christiaan 24 4 Huygens, Christiaan 524 4 Hooke, Robert 669 4 Roberval, Gilles Personne de 23 5 Auzout, Adrien 483 5 Collins, John 526 5 Poleman, Joachim 20 6 Brouncker, William 443 6 Newton, Isaac 514 5 Louis XIV, King of France 20 7 Hevelius, Johannes 405 7 Cassini, Giovanni 513 5 Charles II, King of England 20 8 Wren, Christopher 337 8 Hevelius, Johannes 420 5 Willis, Thomas 20 9 Cassini, Giovanni 281 9 Barrow, Isaac 410 6 Pascal, Blaise 19 10 Sprat, Thomas 240 10 Descartes, René 406 7 Boulliaud, Ismael 18 7 Cromwell, Olivier 18 8 Beale, John 17 8 Borel, Pierre 17 9 Galilei, Galileo 16 10 Petit, Pierre 15
Correspondance de Darwin • Périod = 1821 -1867 • correspondents = 3804 • Letters = 5918 • Citations = 18697 • Co-citations = 71198
Darwin’s correspondents (1821 -31)
Darwin’s correspondents (1832 -36)
Darwin’s correspondents (1832 -36)
Darwin’s correspondents (1837 -48)
Darwin’s correspondents (1837 -47)
Darwin’s correspondents (1848 -58)
Darwin’s correspondents (1848 -58)
Darwin’s correspondents (1859 -67)
Darwin’s correspondents (1859 -67)
Darwin’s correspondents (1859 -67)
Annual number of letters and cited persons in Darwin’s correspondence
Average number of of persons cited per letter in Darwin’s correspondence
Most cited authors in Darwin’s correspondence 60 50 40 Lyell, C Hooker, JD 30 Gray, A Owen, R 20 10 0 1835 1840 1845 1850 1855 1860 1865
5 most cited persons in Darwin’s correspondence (excluding familly) 250 200 150 100 50 0 1830 -1839 Owen, Richard 1830 -1839 1840 -1849 11 1840 -1849 28 1850 -1858 32 1859 -1867 162 Gray, Asa 0 0 44 197 Darwin, Emma 10 75 82 136 Hooker, Joseph Dalton 1 30 100 233 Lyell, Charles 39 75 80 243 Hooker, Owen, Darwin, Lyell, Gray, Joseph Charles Richard Emma Asa. Dalton
10 most cited persons in Darwin’s correspondence (excluding familly)
10 most cited persons in Darwin’s correspondence Scientists in red Family in blue
Co-citations network in Darwin (n>7) 1821 -1867 FAMILLE SCIENTIFIQUES
Réseau de co-citations dans Darwin (35 co-cit et plus)
Co-citation network (1821 -31) (n>3)
Co-citation network (1832 -36) (n>3)
Co-citation network (1837 -47) (n>3)
Co-citation network (1848 -58) (n>3)
Co-citation network (1859 -67) (n>3)