A Nation Torn Apart The Civil War Reconstruction

A Nation Torn Apart The Civil War & Reconstruction Era, 1845 -1877

The Civil War The War of Northern Aggression The War for Southern Independence The War Between the States The War of Rebellion

The Confederate States of America, 1861 s ’ e t Sta s t h Rig Advantages: 1. King Cotton (? ? ? ) 2. Motivation 3. Military Tradition 4. Outstanding Generals Strategy: 1. Defend the South 2. Take D. C.

The Union, 1776 The Civil War The 90 day war that lasted 4 years. Advantages 1. Factories 2. Manpower 3. Railroads & Telegraph 4. Lincoln Strategy: The Anaconda Plan (Thanks to “old fuss & feathers”) Naval Blockade, Control the Mississippi River, Capture Richmond

LINCOLN’S POLITICS: USURPING THE CONSTITUTION � Inauguration: Preserve the Union at all cost � Emergency Powers--With Congress not in session until July, Lincoln assumed all powers not delegated in the Constitution $$$-- to fund military spending � Blockade of the CSA � Suspension of ◦ Freedom of Press--Newspapers—obstructing the war effort ◦ the Writ of Habeas Corpus � �Reasonable Cause �No person shall be held to answer for a…crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger

THE DRAFT “A RICH MAN’S WAR, A POOR MAN’S FIGHT” Increase the size of the military ◦ Martial law as needed ◦ Enlarge the army by 75, 000 men ◦ Conscription Laws Passed �Union (1863) & Confederacy (1862) �New York Draft Riots � 74 killed over 3 days �Troops that had just defeated Lee at Gettysburg are called in to maintain order As a Result Election of 1864 Supervised voting in border states

Northern Economic Boom War: Music to my ears. ◦ ◦ I need shoes and a blanket. I need weapons & munitions. Congress increase excise tax on tobacco and alcohol The Morrill Tariff Act, 1861 (R) Income tax for the first time I’m headin’ Rise of Industry �Sewing Machine, Reaper, “ 59 ers” ◦ Legislation passed without Southern opposition �Homestead Act (1862) �Morrill Land Grant Act (1862) �Pacific Railway Act (1862) �National Banking Act (1863) to Utah!

◦ Southern Economic Collapse Salt was the only means to preserve Cotton Diplomacy, 1861 �Self-imposed embargo; Hoped to negate tariff �Believed GB & France relied on King Cotton �GB more heavily relied on food stuffs (wheat) from North & West—refused to directly support CSA ◦ Ultimately strangled by blockade—tobacco & cotton unable to profitably be exported ◦ South forced to a recycle economy �i. e. rails from old RR line to reinstall on another �Not a single rifle manufacturer in South ◦ Inflation would increase 9000%!!! meat at this time. Its price increased from 65¢ for a 200 pound bag in May 1861 to $60 per sack only 18 months later!

The Failure of Cotton Diplomacy DOCUMENT ANALYSIS Prometheus Bound Peter Paul Rubens, 1611 -1612

7 mb er 1 t 5 -J uly 1 e 2 Au gus Se pte Bull Run (aka Manassas) � Forts Henry & Donelson � Jun Ap ril 2 5 -7 186 2 ry, Ap ril 6 Ju ly 2 1, Feb rua 18 61 The Early War Advantage: The Confederacy Shiloh � New Orleans � Seven Days Battle � 2 nd Bull Run � Antietam: The Turning Point � A Union corporal found a copy of Lee's special orders wrapped around three cigars; Mc. Clellan refused to act because he thought Lee's troops outnumbered his own. When Mc. Clellan started deploying his troops on September 16, he had 60, 000 active soldiers and 15, 000 in reserve. Had he thrust his complete force against the Confederates on September 15 or 16, he might have smashed Lee's army. In the end, 22, 000 casualties, 12, 000 within 5 hours!

Yell like banshees from hell. "if you claim you heard it and weren't scared that means you never heard it"

Battle of Antietam, single bloodiest day in American history. Union Victory, significant effect on the course of the war!!!!

Politics & Culture After Antietam, Lincoln changes the course of the war. Confiscation Acts, 1861 & 1862 "that all persons held as slaves" within the rebellious states "are, and henceforward shall be free. " The Emancipation Proclamation

The Union Takes Control July 1 -3, 1863 January-July 4, 1863 July 28 -September 1, 1864 April 9, 1865 �Gettysburg ◦ Gettysburg Address, Nov. 1863 �Vicksburg �Fall of the Deep South ◦ Sherman’s March to the Sea ◦ Atlanta burned, November ’ 64 ◦ Election of 1864 vs. Copperheads ◦ Savannah for Lincoln’s Christmas �Appomattox Court House ◦ Lee Surrenders; War Ends

Women at War Teachers Factories “Government Girls” Nurses: Clara Barton & Dorthea Dix Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell Spies: Wild Rose O’Neale Mary Livermore: Soldiers Farmers Don’t forget the ladies!

Role of African-Americans NY Draft Riots, 1863 The War Department issued General Order 143 on May 22, 1863, creating the United States Colored Troops. By the end of the Civil War, roughly 179, 000 black men (10 percent of the Union Army) served as soldiers in the U. S. Army, and another 19, 000 served in the Navy. 54 th Massachusetts Infantry • Colonel Robert Shaw • Sergeant William Carney • Charles & Lewis Douglass "Once let the black man get upon his person the brass letters U. S. , let him get an eagle on his button, and a musket on his shoulder and bullets in his pockets, and there is no power on earth which can deny that he has earned the right of citizenship in the United States. “ --Frederick Douglass

Colonel Robert Shaw died at age 26 at Fort Wagner. The veterans of the 54 th at the dedication ceremony.

Lincoln’s 2 nd Inaugural Address “WITH MALICE TOWARD NONE, WITH CHARITY FOR ALL” With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation's wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle and for his widow and his orphan, to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations.

Assassination of a President, April 14, 1865 Oy! My leg! Oh, and Sic Semper Tyranis!

�Lincoln’s THE PRESIDENT’S RECONSTRUCTION 10% Plan (1863) ◦ Conservative Republicans, Democrats ◦ Individuals rebelled, not states �Can extend pardons � 10% of state swore an oath of allegiance to Union, people received pardon & could create a Union loyal government ◦ Wade-Davis Bill—Radical Republicans (1864) � 50% loyalty �Pocket Vetoed �Johnson’s Additions ◦ Restoration Program ◦ 10% Plan and Pardons most CSA officials! �Declare actions illegal �Ratify the 13 th amendment $20, 000 �Disenfranchised CSA officers, officials, planter elite Anti-aristocrat more than pro-black � Problems? ◦ As a result of the leniency of the 10% Plan, states reelect congressmen like Alexander Stephens, GA, former VP ◦ Passage of the Black Codes, rise of the KKK

RECONSTRUCTION: NO AMICABLE RESOLUTION The Black Codes, est. 1865

The Black Codes (1865 -66) (slave codes were before the CW) � � borrowed elements from the antebellum slave laws and from the laws of the northern states used to regulate free blacks. incorporated morality clauses based on antebellum slave laws into BLACK CODE LABOR LAWS. ◦ a morality clause was used to make it crime for laborers to use offensive language in the presence of their employers ◦ ordinance banning free blacks from immigrating into the state. � Radical Republican Reconstruction efforts began in 1866 -67, and with the passage of the Fourteenth Amendment & Civil Rights legislation. 1. defined the term “person of color. ” 2. prevented blacks from voting, holding office, or serving on juries. 3. they prevented blacks from serving in state militias. 4. mandated for poor, unemployed persons (usually blacks) be arrested for vagrancy or bound as apprentices. 5. mandated and regulated labor contracts between whites and free blacks. 6. prohibited interracial marriages between whites and blacks. Though the statutory lives of the Black Codes were short-lived, they are significant in that they served as precursors to the Jim Crow Laws.

Military Reconstruction Acts, 1867 Ends Johnsons’ Plan Combines 10 Confederate states (TN exempt) into 5 military districts Disenfranchised CSA supporters, Loyalists—including AA—voting rights

Thaddeus Charles �STEVENS, SUMNER, CONGRESS’ RECONSTRUCTION & THE RADICAL REPUBLICANS ◦ Lincoln pocket veto’s the Wade-Davis Bill (1864) ◦ Freedman’s Bureau (General Oliver Howard) Supported by Radical Republicans • required majority swear allegiance • Ratify 13 th Amendment • deny political rights to leaders of the CSA Radical Republicans mandate the ratification of the 14 th to join the Union…and want to give blacks the right to vote to maintain power. �Military distribution of food, supplies, etc to the poor (whites and former slaves) Lasted � 40 acres & a mule until 1870 �EDUCATION!! Majority are illiterate. ◦ CIVIL RIGHTS ACT, 1866 �Invalidates the Black Codes �Grants Blacks citizenship and equal protection of the law (property, equal in court) �AJ veto’s but Congress overrides—the first of many � 14 th amendment Support the 13 th and destroy the plantation class of the South!! Charles Sumner Returns!

Impeachment of Johnson � Military Reconstruction Acts, 1867 ◦ ◦ Free Citizens Vote 13 th 14 th 15 th Follow CRA Ends Johnsons’ Plan Combines 10 Confederate states (TN exempt) into 5 military districts Disenfranchised CSA supporters, Loyalists—including AA—voting rights 15 th Amendment � Social Impact? � ◦ KKK, founded in 1866 � Enforcement Acts (1870 -1871) � Force Acts, 1870 & 1871 – stop the intimidation of the KKK, 1 st legislation of its kind ◦ Scalawags & Carpetbaggers � Redeemer government of Reconstruction, southern democrats who gain political power from the “corrupt” republican government Command of Army Act � Tenure of Office Act � ◦ Impeachment of King Andy I ◦ Fired Secretary of War Edwin Stanton, law mandated senate approval of removal of cabinet members

End of Reconstruction $$$$ � Election of 1876 ◦ Tilden is 1 electoral vote shy of majority �NY Governor ◦ Who decides election? �Super committee � 8 Republicans, 7 Democrats � Compromise of 1877 ◦ Democrats give Hayes the votes to win on the condition he removes all troops from the South ◦ Why does this end Reconstruction? �Return of Black Codes, renamed Jim Crow, implementation of Literacy Tests, Grandfather Clause, etc.

Ex Parte Milligan (1866) Facts of the Case: � Lamden P. Milligan was sentenced to death by a military commission in Indiana during the Civil War; � He had engaged in acts of disloyalty. (spied for the Confederacy) � Milligan sought release through habeas corpus from a federal court. Question: � Does a civil court have jurisdiction over a military tribunal? Conclusion: � trials of civilians by presidentially created military commissions are unconstitutional. � Martial law cannot exist where the civil courts are operating. Why is the ruling a potential problem for Radical Republicans?

Social Reconstruction