A N I H C N I N

A N I H C N I N O I T U L O V RE

THE FALL OF THE QING • WHEN THE BOXER REBELLION FAILED THE QING DYNASTY TRIED TO REFORM ITSELF • EMPRESS DOWAGER CI XI BEGAN TO EMBRACE NEW REFORMS AFTER RESISTING FOR SO MANY YEARS • WITH THESE NEW REFORMS CHINA - CREATED A NEW EDUCATION SYSTEM BASED ON WESTERN MODELS - DROPPED THE CIVIL SERVICE EXAMINATION SYSTEM - FOMED LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLIES IN 1909 AT THE PROVINCIAL, OR LOCAL LEVEL - HELD ELECTIONS FOR A NATIONAL ASSEMBLY IN 1910

THE FALL OF THE QING • THE NEW ELITE WERE MADE UP OF MERCHANTS, PROFESSIONALS, AND REFORM MINDED GENTRY • THE POLITICAL CHANGE IN CHINA WAS VERY SLOW - THE NEW ASSEMBLIES WERE NOT ALLOWED TO MAKE OR PASS LAWS - ONLY ALLOWED TO GIVE ADVISE TO THE RULER - THIS ANGERED THE NEW ELITE

THE FALL OF THE QING DYNASTY • THE NEW REFORMS DID NOT HELP THE PEASANTS, ARTISANS, OR MINERS - THESE PEOPLE WERE EXPERIENCING WORSENING LIVING CONDITIONS - THEIR TAXES WERE ALSO BEING INCREASED • THIS LEAD TO GROWING RESENTMENT WHICH THE DYNASTY IGNORED

THE RISE OF SUN YAT- SEN • FIRST SIGNS OF REVOLUTION APPEARED DURING THE 1890 S - A YOUNG RADICAL, BY THE NAME OF SUN YAT- SEN FORMED THE REVIVE CHINA SOCIETY • SUN YAT- SEN BELIEVED: - THE QING DYNASTY WAS IN DECAY - IT COULD NO LONGER GOVERN THE COUNTRY - CHINA WOULD REMAIN AT THE MERCY OF OTHER COUNTRIES UNLESS IT COULD UNITE UNDER A STRONG GOVERNMENT - CHINA SHOULD FOLLOW THE PATTERN OF WESTERN COUNTRIES - THE CHINESE PEOPLE WERE NOT READY FOR DEMOCRACY

THE RISE OF SUN YAT- SEN • HE DEVELOPED A THREE STAGE REFORM PROCESS 1 ST STAGE- MILITARY TAKEOVER 2 ND STAGE- TRANSITIONAL PHASE, HIS DEMOCRATIC PARTY WOULD PREPARE THE PEOPLE FOR DEMOCRATIC RULE 3 RD STAGE- ESTABLISH A CONSTITUTIONAL DEMOCRACY • 1905 HE UNITED MEMBERS OF RADICAL GROUPS FROM ALL OVER CHINA - THEY FORMED THE REVOLUTIONARY ALLIANCE, LATER CALLED THE NATIONALIST PARTY

THE RISE OF SUN YAT- SEN • THIS GROUP ADVOCATED SUN YAT- SEN’S THREE PEOPLE’S PRINCIPLES • THIS PROMOTED: - NATIONALISM - DEMOCRACY - THE RIGHT FOR INDIVIDUALS TO PURSUE THEIR OWN LIVELIHOODS • DUE TO THE DISCONTENT OF THE PEOPLE OVER THE QING DYNASTY THE ORGANIZATION BEGAN TO GROW IN NUMBERS

THE REVOLUTION OF 1911 • EMPRESS DOWAGER CI XI DIED IN 1908 • HER NEPHEW GUANG XU DIED IN HIS PALACE PRISON ONE DAY BEFORE • THE THRONE WAS THEN OCCUPIED BY AN INFANT, HENRY PU YI - HE WAS DEEMED THE “LAST EMPEROR”

THE REVOLUTION OF 1911 • OCTOBER OF 1911 SUN YAT- SEN’S FOLLOWERS STARTED AN UPRISING IN CHINA - SUN WAS TRAVELING IN AMERICA • DESPITE THE FACT THAT THE UPRISING DID NOT HAVE AN OFFICIAL LEADER, THE QING DYNASTY COLLAPSED • THIS OPENED THE DOOR FOR NEW POLITICAL FORCES TO TAKE OVER • SUN’S PARTY DID NOT HAVE THE MILITARY OR POLITICAL STRENGTH IT NEEDED TO FORM A NEW GOVERNMENT

THE REVOLUTION OF 1911 • THE PARTY TURNED TO GENERAL YUAN SHIGAI - HE WAS VERY PROMINENT IN MILITARY CIRCLES - WAS IN CHARGE OF THE IMPERIAL ARMY THAT WAS SENT TO PUT DOWN THE REBELLION - ABANDONED THE GOVERNMENT AND NEGOTIATED WITH SUN’S ORGANIZATION - AGREED TO SERVE AS PRESIDENT OF A NEW CHINESE REPUBLIC, AND ALLOWED THE ELECTION OF A NEW LEGISLATURE

THE REVOLUTION OF 1911 • SUN RETURNS BACK TO CHINA IN JANUARY OF 1912 AFTER READING ABOUT THE REVOLUTION IN A NEWSPAPER • SUN’S PARTY VIEWED THE EVENTS AS A GLORIOUS REVOLUTION THAT ENDED 2000 YEARS OF IMPERIAL RULE • HOWEVER IT DID NOT PRODUCE A NEW POLITICAL OR SOCIAL ORDER

THE REVOLUTION OF 1911 • THE REVOLUTIONARY ALLIANCE WAS SUPPORTED MY A GROWING URBAN MIDDLE CLASS - PROGRAM WAS BASED ON WESTERN, LIBERAL DEMOCRATIC PRINCIPLES - THIS MIDDLE CLASS WAS TOO SMALL TO SUPPORT THE NEW ORDER FULLY • THE MAJORITY OF CHINESE PEASANTS STILL LIVED ON THE LAND DID NOT SUPPORT THE NEW POLICIES

AN ERA OF CIVIL WAR • AFTER THE COLLAPSE OF THE DYNASTY, THE MILITARY TOOK OVER • SUN AND HIS FOLLOWERS ACCEPTED GENERAL YUAN AS PRESIDENT DUE TO - LACK OF MILITARY FORCE TO COMPETE - FEAR OF THE REVOLT COLLAPSING AND WESTERN POWERS INTERVENING • EVEN THOUGH THEY ACCEPTED HIM, THEY DID NOT TRUST HIM. NOR DID HIS ALLIES

AN ERA OF CIVIL WAR • YUAN DID NOT UNDERSTAND THE NEW IDEAS THAT WERE BASED ON THE WEST - HE RULED IN A TRADITIONAL MANNER - TRIED TO SET UP A NEW IMPERIAL DYNASTY - USED MURDER AND TERROR TO TRY TO DESTROY THE NEW DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTION • THIS ANGERED THE REFORMERS • TRADITIONALISTS HATE HIM BECAUSE HE BETRAYED THE GOVERNMENT HE WORKED FOR

AN ERA OF CIVIL WAR • DOCTORIAL EFFORTS BY YUAN LEADS TO CLASHES WITH SUN’S PARTY, NOW THE NATIONALIST PARTY • YUAN DISSOLVED THE NEW PARLIAMENT CAUSING THE NATIONALISTS TO START A REBELLION - THIS REBELLION FAILED - SUN YAT- SEN FLEES TO JAPAN • YUAN GOES ON TO RULE UNTIL HIS DEATH IN 1916 - HE WAS SUCCEEDED BY ONE OF HIS OFFICERS

AN ERA OF CIVIL WAR • OVER THE NEXT FEW YEARS CHINA SLIPS INTO CIVIL WAR - DUE TO THE DISINTEGRATION OF THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT - MILITARY WARLORDS SEIZING POWER IN CHINESE PROVINCES

CULTURAL CHANGES • WESTERN INFLUENCES FORCED THE CHINES TO ADAPT TO NEW WAYS OF THINKING AND LIVING • THE EARLY 1900 S REFLECTED THE CONFLICT BETWEEN CONFUCIAN SOCIAL IDEAS AND THOSE OF THE WEST

SOCIETY IN TRANSITION • THE GROWTH OF INDUSTRY AND TRADE WAS VERY NOTICEABLE IN THE CITIES WHERE A NATIONAL MARKET FOR COMMODITIES HAD APPEARED - COMMODITIES ARE MARKETABLE GOODS SUCH AS OIL, COPPER, SALT, AND TEA • THE CHINESE ECONOMY HAD BECOME MORE PRODUCTIVE • FOREIGN INVESTMENT GREW - MONEY FROM THIS WENT TO MODERNIZING THE CHINESE ECONOMY

SOCIETY IN TRANSITION • NEW CROPS WERE BROUGHT IN FROM OTHER COUNTRIES HELPED FOOD PRODUCTION, WHICH ENCOURAGED A POPULATION GROWTH • WESTERNERS COMING TO CHINA AFFECTED THE CHINESE ECONOMY IN THREE WAYS - THEY INTRODUCED MODERN TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION - THEY CREATED AN EXPORT MARKET - THEY INTEGRATED THE CHINESE MARKET INTO THE 19 TH CENTURY WORLD ECONOMY

SOCIETY IN TRANSITION • SOME EMBRACED THE CHANGES AND FELT LIKE IT QUICKENED THE PACE FOR CHANGE • WESTERN INFLUENCE FORCED CHINA TO THINK IN NEW WAYS AND INSPIRED THEM TO MODERNIZE • HOWEVER CHINA DID EXPERIENCE NEGATIVE ASPECTS OF WESTERN INFLUENCE - IMPERIALISM IMPOSED A STATE OF RELIANCE ON CHINA - THE PEOPLE OF CHINA WERE EXPLOITED - CONDITION OF UNDERDEVELOPMENT - LOCAL INDUSTRIES WERE DESTROYED - PROFITS WENT TO FOREIGN COUNTRIES RATHER THAN TO CHINA

SOCIETY IN TRANSITION • DURING THE FIRST QUARTER OF THE 20 TH CENTURY THE PACE OF CHANGE QUICKENED EVEN MORE • AFTER WWI CHINESE BUSINESSMEN BEGAN TO DEVELOP NEW VENTURES • SHANGHAI BECAME THE PLACE TO LIVE FOR THE UPPER CLASS IN CHINA • CHINA ALSO EXPERIENCED A GROWING MIDDLE CLASS AND AN INDUSTRIAL WORKING CLASS

SOCIETY IN TRANSITION • CHINESE SOCIETY HAD GONE THROUGH A GREAT DEAL OF CHANGE WITHIN THE LAST 125 YEARS • BEFORE 1800 - PEOPLE WERE MOSTLY FARMERS - THEY LIVED IN VILLAGES NEAR RICE FIELDS AND IN THE COUNTRYSIDE - A SMALL NUMBER OF MEN WERE EDUCATED IN THE CONFUCIAN CLASSICS - WOMEN WERE AT HOME OR IN THE FIELDS - CHILDREN WERE EXPECTED TO OBEY THEIR PARENTS, AND WIVES WERE EXPECTED TO SUBMIT TO THEIR HUSBANDS

SOCIETY IN TRANSITION • 125 YEARS LATER - THE SOCIETY WAS STILL RECOGNIZABLY CHINESE, BUT STILL VERY DIFFERENT - MOST CHINESE PEOPLE WERE IN THE CITIES - THE EDUCATED AND THE WEALTHY WERE IMPACTED BY THE GROWING WESTERN CULTURAL PRESENCE - CONFUCIAN SOCIAL IDEA BEGAN TO DECLINE

CULTURAL TRANSITION • THERE WAS A STRUGGLE BETWEEN OLD AND NEW WITHIN THE CULTURE • REFORMERS WANTED TO ELIMINATE TRADITIONAL CULTURE - BELIEVED IT WAS AN INSTRUMENT OF OPPRESSION - WANTED TO CREATE A CHINA THAT WOULD BE RESPECTED BY THE MODERN WORLD • IN THE LATE 19 TH CENTURY INTELLECTUALS BEGAN TO INTRODUCE WESTERN BOOKS, ART, AND IDEAS • AMONG THE URBAN MIDDLE CLASS WESTERN ART AND LITERATURE BECAME POPULAR

CULTURAL TRANSITION • IN RURAL AREAS TRADITIONAL CULTURE REMAINED INTACT • NEW CREATIVE ARTISTS FOLLOWED FOREIGN TREND WHILE TRADITIONALISTS HELD ON TO CHINESE CULTURE • IN LITERATURE WESTERN NOVELS AND SHORT STORIES DREW A LARGE AUDIENCE IN CHINA • CHINESE WRITERS BEGAN REFLECTING WESTERN TENDENCIES OF DEPICTING SOCIETY • MAO DUN BECAME KNOWS AS A FAMOUS MODERN CHINESE AUTHOR - MOST KNOW FOR MIDNIGHT, WHICH DESCRIBED THE CHANGING CUSTOMS OF SHANGHAI’S URBAN CLASS

CULTURAL TRANSITION • ANOTHER AUTHOR BA JIN WROTE ABOUT THE DISINTEGRATION OF TRADITIONAL CONFUCIAN WAYS AS THE YOUNGER MEMBERS OF LARGE FAMILIES ATTEMPTED TO BREAK AWAY FROM THEIR ELDERS - FAMILY, SPRING, AND AUTUMN