A Model of Onion Routing with Provable Anonymity
A Model of Onion Routing with Provable Anonymity Financial Cryptography ’ 07 2/12/07 Aaron Johnson with Joan Feigenbaum Paul Syverson 0
Overview • Formally model onion routing using input/output automata • Characterize the situations that provide anonymity 1
Anonymous Communication • • Mix Networks (1981) Dining cryptographers (1988) Onion routing (1999) Anonymous buses (2002) 2
Anonymous Communication • • Mix Networks (1981) Dining cryptographers (1988) Onion routing (1999) Anonymous buses (2002) 2
Onion Routing • Practical design with low latency and overhead • • Open source implementation (http: //tor. eff. org) • Over 800 volunteer routers • Estimated 200, 000 users 3
Anonymous Communication Deployed Analyzed Mix Networks Dining cryptographers Onion routing Anonymous buses 4
Related work • A Formal Treatment of Onion Routing Jan Camenisch and Anna Lysyanskaya CRYPTO 2005 • A formalization of anonymity and onion routing S. Mauw, J. Verschuren, and E. P. de Vink ESORICS 2004 • I/O Automaton Models and Proofs for Shared. Key Communication Systems Nancy Lynch CSFW 1999 5
Overview • Formally model onion routing using input/output automata • Characterize the situations that provide anonymity 6
Overview • Formally model onion routing using input/output automata – Simplified onion-routing protocol – Non-cryptographic analysis • Characterize the situations that provide anonymity 6
Overview • Formally model onion routing using input/output automata – Simplified onion-routing protocol – Non-cryptographic analysis • Characterize the situations that provide anonymity – Send a message, receive a message, communicate with a destination – Possibilistic anonymity 6
How Onion Routing Works 1 u User u running client 2 3 5 4 d Internet destination d Routers running servers 7
How Onion Routing Works 1 u 2 3 5 d 4 1. u creates 3 -hop circuit through routers 7
How Onion Routing Works 1 u 2 3 5 d 4 1. u creates 3 -hop circuit through routers 7
How Onion Routing Works 1 u 2 3 5 d 4 1. u creates 3 -hop circuit through routers 7
How Onion Routing Works 1 u 2 3 5 d 4 1. u creates 3 -hop circuit through routers 2. u opens a stream in the circuit to d 7
How Onion Routing Works {{{m}3}4}1 u 1 2 3 5 d 4 1. u creates 3 -hop circuit through routers 2. u opens a stream in the circuit to d 3. Data is exchanged 7
How Onion Routing Works 1 u 2 3 5 {{m}3}4 d 4 1. u creates 3 -hop circuit through routers 2. u opens a stream in the circuit to d 3. Data is exchanged 7
How Onion Routing Works 1 u 2 3 5 4 d {m}3 1. u creates 3 -hop circuit through routers 2. u opens a stream in the circuit to d 3. Data is exchanged 7
How Onion Routing Works 1 u 2 3 5 m d 4 1. u creates 3 -hop circuit through routers 2. u opens a stream in the circuit to d 3. Data is exchanged 7
How Onion Routing Works 1 u 2 3 5 m’ d 4 1. u creates 3 -hop circuit through routers 2. u opens a stream in the circuit to d 3. Data is exchanged 7
How Onion Routing Works 1 u 2 3 5 4 d {m’}3 1. u creates 3 -hop circuit through routers 2. u opens a stream in the circuit to d 3. Data is exchanged 7
How Onion Routing Works 1 u 2 {{m’}3}4 3 5 d 4 1. u creates 3 -hop circuit through routers 2. u opens a stream in the circuit to d 3. Data is exchanged 7
How Onion Routing Works {{{m’}3}4}1 u 1 2 3 5 d 4 1. u creates 3 -hop circuit through routers 2. u opens a stream in the circuit to d 3. Data is exchanged 7
How Onion Routing Works 1 u 2 3 5 d 4 1. u creates 3 -hop circuit through routers 2. u opens a stream in the circuit to d 3. Data is exchanged. 4. Stream is closed. 7
How Onion Routing Works 1 u 2 3 5 d 4 1. u creates 3 -hop circuit through routers 2. u opens a stream in the circuit to d 3. Data is exchanged. 4. Stream is closed. 5. Circuit is changed every few minutes. 7
How Onion Routing Works 1 u 2 3 5 d 4 8
How Onion Routing Works 1 u 2 3 5 d 4 8
How Onion Routing Works 1 u 2 3 5 d 4 Main theorem: Adversary can only determine parts of a circuit it controls or is next to. 8
How Onion Routing Works 1 u 2 3 5 d 4 u 1 2 Main theorem: Adversary can only determine parts of a circuit it controls or is next to. 8
Anonymous Communication • Sender anonymity: Adversary can’t determine the sender of a given message • Receiver anonymity: Adversary can’t determine the receiver of a given message • Unlinkability: Adversary can’t determine who talks to whom 9
Adversaries • Passive & Global • Active & Local 10
Adversaries • Passive & Global • Active & Local 10
Adversaries • Passive & Global • Active & Local 10
Adversaries • Passive & Global • Active & Local 10
Model • Constructed with I/O automata – Models asynchrony – Relies on abstract properties of cryptosystem • Simplified onion-routing protocol – No key distribution – No circuit teardowns – No separate destinations – No stream cipher – Each user constructs a circuit to one destination – Circuit identifiers 11
Automata Protocol u v w 12
Automata Protocol u v w 12
Automata Protocol u v w 12
Automata Protocol u v w 12
Automata Protocol u v w 12
Automata Protocol u v w 12
Automata Protocol u v w 12
Automata Protocol u v w 12
Automata Protocol u v w 12
Automata Protocol u v w 12
Creating a Circuit u 1 2 3 13
Creating a Circuit u [0, {CREATE}1] 1 2 3 1. CREATE/CREATED 13
Creating a Circuit u [0, CREATED] 1 2 3 1. CREATE/CREATED 13
Creating a Circuit u 1 2 3 1. CREATE/CREATED 13
Creating a Circuit [0, {[EXTEND, 2, {CREATE}2]}1] u 1 2 3 1. CREATE/CREATED 2. EXTEND/EXTENDED 14
Creating a Circuit u 1 [l 1, {CREATE}2] 2 3 1. CREATE/CREATED 2. EXTEND/EXTENDED 14
Creating a Circuit u 1 [l 1, CREATED] 2 3 1. CREATE/CREATED 2. EXTEND/EXTENDED 14
Creating a Circuit u 1 [0, {EXTENDED}1] 2 3 1. CREATE/CREATED 2. EXTEND/EXTENDED 14
Creating a Circuit [0, {{[EXTEND, 3, {CREATE}3]}2}1] u 1 2 3 1. CREATE/CREATED 2. EXTEND/EXTENDED 3. [Repeat with layer of encryption] 15
Creating a Circuit u [l 1, {[EXTEND, 3, {CREATE}3]}2] 1 2 3 1. CREATE/CREATED 2. EXTEND/EXTENDED 3. [Repeat with layer of encryption] 15
Creating a Circuit u 1 2 [l 2, {CREATE}3] 3 1. CREATE/CREATED 2. EXTEND/EXTENDED 3. [Repeat with layer of encryption] 15
Creating a Circuit u 1 2 [l 2, CREATED] 3 1. CREATE/CREATED 2. EXTEND/EXTENDED 3. [Repeat with layer of encryption] 15
Creating a Circuit u 1 2 [l 1, {EXTENDED}2] 3 1. CREATE/CREATED 2. EXTEND/EXTENDED 3. [Repeat with layer of encryption] 15
Creating a Circuit u 1 [0, {{EXTENDED}2}1] 2 3 1. CREATE/CREATED 2. EXTEND/EXTENDED 3. [Repeat with layer of encryption] 15
Input/Ouput Automata • States • Actions – Input, ouput, internal – Actions transition between states • • Every state has enabled actions Input actions are always enabled Alternating state/action sequence is an execution In fair executions actions enabled infinitely often occur infinitely often • In cryptographic executions no encrypted control messages are sent before they are received unless the sender possesses the key 16
I/O Automata Model • Automata – User – Server – Fully-connected network of FIFO Channels – Adversary replaces some servers with arbitrary automata • Notation – U is the set of users – R is the set of routers – N = U R is the set of all agents – A N is the adversary – K is the keyspace – l is the (fixed) circuit length – k(u, c, i) denotes the ith key used by user u on circuit c 17
User automaton 18
User automaton 18
User automaton 18
User automaton 18
User automaton 18
User automaton 18
User automaton 18
Server automaton 19
Server automaton 19
Server automaton 19
Server automaton 19
Server automaton 19
Server automaton 19
Server automaton 19
Server automaton 19
Anonymity Definition (configuration): A configuration is a function U Rl mapping each user to his circuit. 20
Anonymity Definition (configuration): A configuration is a function U Rl mapping each user to his circuit. Definition (indistinguishability): Executions and are indistinguishable to adversary A when his actions in are the same as in after possibly applying the following: : A permutation on the keys not held by A. : A permutation on the messages encrypted by a key not held by A. 20
Anonymity Definition (anonymity): User u performs action anonymously in configuration C with respect to adversary A if, for every execution of C in which u performs , there exists an execution that is indistinguishable to A in which u does not perform . 21
Anonymity Definition (anonymity): User u performs action anonymously in configuration C with respect to adversary A if, for every execution of C in which u performs , there exists an execution that is indistinguishable to A in which u does not perform . Definition (unlinkability): User u is unlinkable to d in configuration C with respect to adversary A if, for every fair, cryptographic execution of C in which u talk to d, there exists a fair, cryptographic execution that is indistinguishable to A in which u does not talk to d. 21
Theorem: Let C and D be configurations for which there exists a permutation : U U such that Ci(u) = Di( (u)) if Ci(u) or Di( (u)) is compromised or is adjacent to a compromised router. Then for every fair, cryptographic execution of C there exists an indistinguishable, fair, cryptographic execution of D. The converse also holds. 22
Theorem: Let C and D be configurations for which there exists a permutation : U U such that Ci(u) = Di( (u)) if Ci(u) or Di( (u)) is compromised or is adjacent to a compromised router. Then for every fair, cryptographic execution of C there exists an indistinguishable, fair, cryptographic execution of D. The converse also holds. u v C 1 2 3 5 4 22
Theorem: Let C and D be configurations for which there exists a permutation : U U such that Ci(u) = Di( (u)) if Ci(u) or Di( (u)) is compromised or is adjacent to a compromised router. Then for every fair, cryptographic execution of C there exists an indistinguishable, fair, cryptographic execution of D. The converse also holds. u v C D 1 2 3 5 4 2 3 22
Theorem: Let C and D be configurations for which there exists a permutation : U U such that Ci(u) = Di( (u)) if Ci(u) or Di( (u)) is compromised or is adjacent to a compromised router. Then for every fair, cryptographic execution of C there exists an indistinguishable fair, cryptographic execution of D. The converse also holds. u v C D 1 2 3 5 4 v 2 5 2 u 4 2 3 22
Theorem: Let C and D be configurations for which there exists a permutation : U U such that Ci(u) = Di( (u)) if Ci(u) or Di( (u)) is compromised or is adjacent to a compromised router. Then for every fair, cryptographic execution of C there exists an indistinguishable fair, cryptographic execution of D. The converse also holds. u v C 1 u 2 3 5 4 v D 1 2 3 5 4 22
Lemma: Let u, v be two distinct users such that neither they nor the first routers in their circuits are compromised in configuration C. Let D be identical to C except the circuits of users u and v are switched. For any fair, cryptographic execution of C there exists a fair, cryptographic execution of D that is indistinguishable to A. 23
Lemma: Let u, v be two distinct users such that neither they nor the first routers in their circuits are compromised in configuration C. Let D be identical to C except the circuits of users u and v are switched. For any fair, cryptographic execution of C there exists a fair, cryptographic execution of D that is indistinguishable to A. Proof: To construct : 1. Replace any message sent or received between u (v) and C 1(u) (C 1(v)) in with a message sent or received between v (u) and C 1(u) (C 1(v)). 23
Lemma: Let u, v be two distinct users such that neither they nor the first routers in their circuits are compromised in configuration C. Let D be identical to C except the circuits of users u and v are switched. For any fair, cryptographic execution of C there exists a fair, cryptographic execution of D that is indistinguishable to A. Proof: To construct : 1. Replace any message sent or received between u (v) and C 1(u) (C 1(v)) in with a message sent or received between v (u) and C 1(u) (C 1(v)). 2. Let the permutation send u to v and v to u and other users to themselves. Apply to the encryption keys. 23
Lemma: Let u, v be two distinct users such that neither they nor the first routers in their circuits are compromised in configuration C. Let D be identical to C except the circuits of users u and v are switched. For any fair, cryptographic execution of C there exists a fair, cryptographic execution of D that is indistinguishable to A. Proof: To construct : 1. Replace any message sent or received between u (v) and C 1(u) (C 1(v)) in with a message sent or received between v (u) and C 1(u) (C 1(v)). 2. Let the permutation send u to v and v to u and other users to themselves. Apply to the encryption keys. is an execution of D: is fair: is cryptographic: is indistinguishable: 23
Lemma: Let u, v be two distinct users such that neither they nor the first routers in their circuits are compromised in configuration C. Let D be identical to C except the circuits of users u and v are switched. For any fair, cryptographic execution of C there exists a fair, cryptographic execution of D that is indistinguishable to A. Proof: To construct : 1. Replace any message sent or received between u (v) and C 1(u) (C 1(v)) in with a message sent or received between v (u) and C 1(u) (C 1(v)). 2. Let the permutation send u to v and v to u and other users to themselves. Apply to the encryption keys. is an execution of D: Only actions by u, v, C 1(u), and C 1(v) have been added. These actions are modified so that they remain valid. is fair: is cryptographic: 23
Lemma: Let u, v be two distinct users such that neither they nor the first routers in their circuits are compromised in configuration C. Let D be identical to C except the circuits of users u and v are switched. For any fair, cryptographic execution of C there exists a fair, cryptographic execution of D that is indistinguishable to A. Proof: To construct : 1. Replace any message sent or received between u (v) and C 1(u) (C 1(v)) in with a message sent or received between v (u) and C 1(u) (C 1(v)). 2. Let the permutation send u to v and v to u and other users to themselves. Apply to the encryption keys. is an execution of D: Only actions by u, v, C 1(u), and C 1(v) have been added. These actions are modified so that they remain valid. is fair: No new actions have been added. Router enabling is invariant under user permutations. Users only communicate with first router. is cryptographic: 23
Lemma: Let u, v be two distinct users such that neither they nor the first routers in their circuits are compromised in configuration C. Let D be identical to C except the circuits of users u and v are switched. For any fair, cryptographic execution of C there exists a fair, cryptographic execution of D that is indistinguishable to A. Proof: To construct : 1. Replace any message sent or received between u (v) and C 1(u) (C 1(v)) in with a message sent or received between v (u) and C 1(u) (C 1(v)). 2. Let the permutation send u to v and v to u and other users to themselves. Apply to the encryption keys. is an execution of D: Only actions by u, v, C 1(u), and C 1(v) have been added. These actions are modified so that they remain valid. is fair: No new actions have been added. Router enabling is invariant under user permutations. Users only communicate with first router. is cryptographic: Key permutations are applied to the entire 23
Lemma: Let u, v be two distinct users such that neither they nor the first routers in their circuits are compromised in configuration C. Let D be identical to C except the circuits of users u and v are switched. For any fair, cryptographic execution of C there exists a fair, cryptographic execution of D that is indistinguishable to A. Proof: To construct : 1. Replace any message sent or received between u (v) and C 1(u) (C 1(v)) in with a message sent or received between v (u) and C 1(u) (C 1(v)). 2. Let the permutation send u to v and v to u and other users to themselves. Apply to the encryption keys. is an execution of D: Only actions by u, v, C 1(u), and C 1(v) have been added. These actions are modified so that they remain valid. is fair: No new actions have been added. Router enabling is invariant under user permutations. Users only communicate with first router. is cryptographic: Key permutations are applied to the entire 23
Unlinkability Corollary: A user is unlinkable to its destination when: 24
Unlinkability Corollary: A user is unlinkable to its destination when: u 3 2 4? 5? The last router is unknown. 24
Unlinkability Corollary: A user is unlinkable to its destination when: u 3 2 OR 2 5 1 4? 5? The last router is unknown. 2? 4? 5? The user is unknown and another unknown user has an unknown destination. 4 24
Unlinkability Corollary: A user is unlinkable to its destination when: u 3 2 OR 2 1 OR 1 5 1 The last router is unknown. 2? 4? 5? The user is unknown and another unknown user has an unknown destination. 4 5 2 4? 5? 4 2 The user is unknown and another unknown user has a different destination. 24
Model Robustness • • Only single encryption still works Can remove circuit identifiers Can include stream ciphers May allow users to create multiple circuits 25
Future Work • Construct better models of time • Exhibit a cryptosystem with the desired properties • Incorporate probabilistic behavior by users 26
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