A HISTORICAL ANALYSIS OF TA THEORY 1 Keynote

A HISTORICAL ANALYSIS OF TA THEORY 1

Keynote Address by Rosemary Napper and Drª Gloria Noriega at the ITAA Conference, Lima, Peru, 6 August 2009 2

TA GENERATIONS ERIC BERNE 3

WHAT KIND OF TRANSACTIONAL ANALYST AM I? 4

ROOTS Sigmund Freud 1856 -1939 5

ROOTS 6

HOW DO WE THINK ABOUT TA? Schools? Theories? Styles? Traditions? Approaches? Lenses? Guru figures? Perspectives? Cultures? 7

CULTURAL INFLUENCES ON & FROM TA Europe 1990 s Europe 1980 s Latin America Globalism Existentialism TA Australia 1950 s USA 1960 s Asia 1970 s Europe WW 2 Games People Play Academia 8

A CULTURAL HEALTH WARNING Your Culture is OK XENOPHILIC My Culture is Not OK WE- THEY+ WE- THEY- GLOBAL OPEN-MINDED INCLUSIVE WE+ THEY+ My Culture is OK WE+ THEY- MISANTHROPIC Your Culture is Not OK XENOPHOBIC 9

“I’m a cognitive transactional analyst. ” The Script, 2007 Fanita English 10

NEW LIFE FROM OLD ROOTS ERIC BERNE CLASSICAL Cognitive & Behavioural CLASSICAL RADICAL INDEPENDENT CO-CREATIVE INTEGRATIVE RELATIONAL REDECISION CATHEXIS PSYCHIATRY Psychoanalytic 11

ERIC BERNE 1910 - 1970 12

CLASSICAL Psychoanalytic TA 1 st edition, 1947 — published as The Mind in Action 2 nd edition, 1957 3 rd edition, 1968 — names TA 13

GROUP & SYSTEMIC TA 1963 1966 14

TA Psychotherapy develops • Tuesday night seminars, 1958 • TA Bulletin, 1962 1961 • ITAA founded, 1964 15

CLASSICAL Cognitive & Behavioural TA 1964 1970 16

And POSTHUMOUS PUBLICATIONS 1972 1974 17

FERTILE GROUND Egograms Drama Triangle Drivers & Miniscript Script Matrix Discounting 71 72 73 74 75 77 OK Corral Racket Feelings 78 78 Transference Racket System Options Redecision Self. Reparenting Stroke Economy 80 81 Cycles of Development 82 83 84 CLASSICAL Cognitive & Behavioural TA CLASSICAL Psychoanalytic TA 87 18

CLASSICAL TA continues in the 1970 s • • • SCRIPT MATRIX Steiner DRAMA TRIANGLE Karpman EGOGRAMS Dusay PERMISSION & PROTECTION Crossman DRIVERS & MINISCRIPT Kahler RACKET FEELINGS English OPTIONS Karpman STROKE ECONOMY Steiner OK CORRAL Ernst RACKET SYSTEM Erskine & Zalcman SELF RE-PARENTING James CYCLES OF DEVELOPMENT Levin …with a cognitive and behavioural approach 19

CLASSICAL TA continues to develop — 1980 s onwards • DOORS Ware • PROCESS COMMUNICATION MODEL Kahler • Publication of TA TODAY Stewart & Joines • PARENT EDUCATION Illsley Clark • PERSONALITY ADAPTATIONS Ware, Kahler (and later Joines & Stewart) • FUNCTIONAL FLUENCY Temple 20

…and spin-offs develop… Constellations 1990 s Process Communication 1970 s Imago 1980 s Taibi Kahler Harville Hendrix Bert Hellinger …with own qualifications beyond and separate to TA 21

Developing TA in Latin America THE 10 TA INSTRUMENTS Roberto Kertesz 22

CATHEXIS 1970 s • • • Jacqui Schiff Aaron Schiff Eric Schiff Ken Mellor FRAME OF REFERENCE PASSIVE BEHAVIOURS DISCOUNT LEVELS DISCOUNT MATRIX REDEFINING & BLOCKING TRANSACTIONS • GRANDIOSITY • SYMBIOSIS • RE-PARENTING 23

REDECISION 1970 s Bob Goulding Mary Goulding John Mc. Neel Vann Joines Ken Mellor • REDECIDE SCRIPT SCENES • IMPASSE • INJUNCTIONS & GESTALT INFLUENCES 24

RADICAL PSYCHIATRY Hogie Wykoff Alan Jacobs Valerie Batts Claude Steiner • • • STROKE ECONOMY PIG PARENT POWER PLAYS AUTOCRACY TARGET/ NON TARGET 25

And the significance of some key contributions to TA theory are only recognised over time Bill Cornell Petruska Clarkson • Bill Cornell’s paper on scripts • Petruska Clarkson’s wideranging work • Pio Scilligo’s writing on ego-states • Leonhard Schlegel’s writing on theory and his contribution to spreading TA in Europe Leonhard Schlegel Pio Scilligo 26

INTEGRATIVE TA – also a spin-off REBECCA TRAUTMANN Charlotte Christoph-Lemke Landy Gobes Janet Moursund Marye O’Reilly-Knapp Richard Erskine • INTEGRATED EGO STATES • INQUIRY, ATTUNEMENT, INVOLVEMENT • RELATIONSHIP-SEEKING MOTIVATION • EMPATHY 27

CO-CREATIVE TA Jim & Barbara Allen Graeme Summers Keith Tudor Jo Stuthridge • NARRATIVE / STORYING • CONSTRUCTION OF MEANING • CREATE NEW MEANINGS • INTEGRATING ADULT EGOSTATE • NON-CONSCIOUS • INTER-DEPENDENCE & 28 HOMONOMY

CLASSICAL psychoanalytic TA Carlo Moiso Michele Novellino 29

CLASSICAL psychoanalytic TA … continues to develop Carlo Moiso Michele Novellino Frances Bonds-White Bill Cornell • TRANSFERENCES Gloria Noriega • CONTINUAL SCRIPTING PROCESS Petruska Clarkson • SCRIPT PROTOCOL Resi Tosi Susanna Ligabue 30

AND… Helena Hargaden Charlotte Sills 31

…also develops into RELATIONAL TA Charlotte Sills C 1 P 0 Helena Hargaden A 0 Ray Little C 0 Heather Fowlie • TRANSFORMATIVE TRANSFERENCE • 3 RD ORDER STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS – THE REAL SELF • EMPATHIC INTERVENTIONS • 2 -WAY STREET 32

‘INDEPENDENT’ TA For example, Bill Cornell combined body therapy and CLASSICAL TA prior to contemporary psychoanalysis informing his TA thinking and writing versus A BIT of (almost) EVERYTHING 33

TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS OVERVIEW INDEPENDENT RELATIONAL CO-CREATIVE INTEGRATIVE RADICAL PSYCHIATRY CATHEXIS REDECISION CLASSICAL Cognitive & Behavioural CLASSICAL Psychoanalytic Are there other perspectives? BERNE 34

TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS EVOLVES… INDEPENDENT ERIC BERNE RELATIONAL CO-CREATIVE INTEGRATIVE RADICAL PSYCHIATRY CATHEXIS REDECISION CLASSICAL Cognitive & Behavioural CLASSICAL Psychoanalytic …and keeps evolving BERNE 35

MORE FERTILE GROUND Co-creative Theory Integration of TA with Psychodynamic Theory Parent Ego-state Applications Parent Education Integration of TA with Redecision Theory 94 94 95 Episcript Autocratic Power 95 96 Unconscious Communication CBT & Psycho. Dynamic Theory Integrative Psychotherapy 97 Psychopathology Permission & Ritual 98 98 02 03 INDEPENDENT Effectiveness of TA 04 Transgenerational Scripts Relational TA Social Roles 05 06 07 07 08 RELATIONAL CO-CREATIVE INTEGRATIVE RADICAL REDECISION Cognitive & Behavioural Psychoanalytic 36

Integration of TA with Psychodynamic Theory, 1995 Peg Blackstone 37

Transgenerational Scripts, 2008 Gloria Noriega 38

Psychotherapy with the Parent Ego-State, 1994 Sharon Dashiell Kackman John Mc. Neel 39

Applied TA in Parent Education, 1995 Jean Illsley Clark 40

Hot Potato Transmission & Episcript, 1997 Fanita English 41

Permission Ritual Therapy, 2004 Pearl Drego 42

Integration of TA with Personality Adaptations & Redecision Therapy, 1994 Vann Joines 43

Autocratic Power, 1996 Alan Jacobs 44

Integrative Psychotherapy, 1998 Rebecca Trautmann 45

Psychopathology of Schizophrenia, Alcoholism & Homosexuality, 2005 Graham Barnes 46

Measuring the Effectiveness of TA, 2006 Theodore Novey 47

What does each TA approach mean by… Or…? First or second order…? Cure? A Medical Model CHANGE Growth? ? An Evolutionary Model Acceptance? An Inclusion Model 48

WHERE IS THE TA INTERVENTION FOCUSSED? Does the field of application make a difference? 49

Different Orientations of the Four Fields of TA Counselling Psychotherapy Organisational Educational 50

Purposes of each Field Organisational TA: • to increase the effectiveness of people working in organisations, taking into account the organisational context, frames of reference and development Educational TA: • to advance personal and professional learning and growth, both scholastic and social Counselling TA: • to increase autonomy in relation to social, professional and cultural environments by developing greater awareness, options and skills for problem management and personal development in daily life Psychotherapy TA: • to facilitate healing, change and self-actualisation through greater understanding of self and relationships, in the past and present, and the creation of conscious, creative and spontaneous options for the future 51

Counselling TA Currently primarily uses psychotherapy concepts INDEPENDENT RELATIONAL CO-CREATIVE INTEGRATIVE RADICAL PSYCHIATRY CATHEXIS REDECISION Cognitive & Behavioural Psychoanalytic BERNE 52

Organisational TA Bernd Schmid 53

Organisational TA INDEPENDENT RELATIONAL CO-CREATIVE INTEGRATIVE RADICAL CATHEXIS REDECISION CLASSICAL ORGANISATIONAL ANALYSIS Mohr ROLES Schmid COMPLEXITY & EMERGENCE Napper RELATIONAL NEEDS Klingenberg EQUALITIES Batts ACCOUNTING Mellor RESTRUCTURE CULTURE Balling PERFORMANCE Hay, Krausz, Temple CULTURE, SYSTEMS, LEADERS Berne 54

Educational TA INDEPENDENT RELATIONAL CO-CREATIVE INTEGRATIVE RADICAL CATHEXIS REDECISION CLASSICAL SOCIAL ROLES TRIANGLE Le Guernic DISTURBANCE TO FRAME OF REFERENCE SCRIPTING AS LEARNING Newton RELATIONAL NEEDS IN LEARNING 3 -DIMENSIONAL OKNESS White, Davidson CLASSROOM SYMBIOSIS Raimund PARENT EDUCATION Illsley Clark FUNCTIONAL FLUENCY Temple GROUP IMAGOES Napper & Newton 55

THE FUTURE OF TA? new TA theory? incorporate theory from other psychologies? other TA fields of application? develop theory of practice? 56

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy Positive Psychodynamic & Psychology Psychoanalysis Object Relations Gestalt TA & OTHER PSYCHOLOGIES Neuro-Linguistic Programming Person. Group Relations Centered Systems EMDR Eye Movement Desensitisation & Reprocessing EFT Emotional Freedom Techniques 57

A psychological perspective describes coherently… What is personality? What is a human being? How does change occur? What is development? What are relationships? How do we communicate? How to practise? What is the context or system? 58

A special thanks in preparing this powerpoint goes to: • Alastair Wyllie (Scotland) • Keith Tudor (New Zealand) • Günther Mohr (Germany) • Gloria Noriega (Mexico) • Tudor, K. and Hobbes, R. (2002) Transactional Analysis in Dryden, W. (Ed. ) Dryden’s Handbook of Individual Therapy, pp 256 -286. London, Sage Publications (5 th ed. ) 59

This Power. Point presentation has been designed by Rosemary Napper, TSTA 60