A guide for scientific writing for research papers

A guide for scientific writing for research papers and proposals JDS information session Hirozumi Watanabe Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT) Department of International, Environmental and Agricultural Science (IEAS) 2020/9/10 JDS information session 1

Communication Exercise for International Environmental & Agricultural Research 2012 Spring • Class #3 -4　April 25 and May 9 Outline – A guide for scientific writing for proposals and research papers • Writing formats in scientific documents – – Research Papers Abstracts for IEAS student presentations Master thesis Assignment #2 » Citation of references • Research proposals 2020/9/10 JDS information session 2

Writing formats in scientific documents • Research Paper – Formats　 • Title – clear and strong • List of authors and addresses – who will be the first and corresponding authors? • Abstracts • Introduction • • • – State clear objectives in the end of the section Materials and methods Results and discussion Conclusion Reference Acknowledgements – An example, IF • Agricultural Water Management 67 (2004) 47– 62 2020/9/10 JDS information session 3

Research Proposals • What is a research proposal? – Written statement of a plan to address a particular research problem or area. – Argument that the proposer are capable of accomplishment of the objectives. – Request for support of the project – Can often form the basis for a research contract. – Response to a Call for Proposals • JSPS proposal • Julien Proposal • SAKURA Project 2020/9/10 JDS information session 4

Elements common to most proposals 1 • Administrative details – Who? Private, non-profit, public • Title – Clear – Reflect work / needs 2020/9/10 JDS information session 5

Elements common to most proposals 2 • Abstract – Brief overview “executive summary” • Introduction – General background, Review of literature and problem statement • Objectives – Short term / long term – Consistent with purpose of call 2020/9/10 JDS information session 6

Elements common to most proposals 3 • Materials and methods – How will problem be approached? – How will information be used? • Expected Results – Results reflecting to your objectives – Probability of success • Conclusion – General remark for • Reference – A list of references cited in the text 2020/9/10 JDS information session 7

Manuscript preparation – Text　 • Format, font, unit expression, citation style • Citation: quote a source of information – Increasing production of legumes without sacrifice of rice in rice area was also possible through intercropping of these crops with rice (Sengupta et al. , 1985). • References : a list of information sources – Sengupta, K. , Bhattacharya, K. K. , Chatterjee, B. N. , 1985. Intercropping of upland rice with blackgram (Vignamunga L. ). J. Agric. Sci. Camb. 104, 217– 221. 2020/9/10 JDS information session 8

Citation of the references • • • - - - for drought mitigation (Kar et al. , 2004). Watanabe and takagi (2000 a) reported that the pesticide – - - - for drought mitigation (1). • • • (Watanabe, 2005) for single author, (Watanabe and Takagi, 2000 b) for two authors, (Kar et al. , 2004) for more than two References: Auther(s), Year, Title, Journal, Vol. , Page – Kar G, Singh R. , Verma H. N. , 2004. Alternative cropping strategies for assured and efficient crop production in upland rainfed rice areas of eastern India based on rainfall analysis. Agricultural Water Management 67, 47– 62 – Watanabe H and Takagi K, 2000 a A simulation model for predicting pesticide concentrations in paddy water and surface soil I. Model development. Environ Technol Vol 21: 1379 -1391. – Watanabe H and Takagi K, 2000 b. A simulation model for predicting pesticide concentrations in paddy water and surface soil II. Model validation and application. Environ Technol Vol 21: 1393 -1404 – (1) Kar G, Singh R. , Verma H. N. , 2004. Alternative cropping strategies for assured and efficient crop production in upland rainfed rice areas of eastern India based on rainfall analysis. Agricultural Water Management 67, 47– 62 2020/9/10 JDS information session 9

Tables and Figures • Captions usually placed above tables and below figures • Fonts need to be clear in the text • Period at the end of legend may or may not placed • Follow the guidelines for required style 2020/9/10 JDS information session 10

Equations (1) • where h. PW is the depth of water in paddy field (cm), t is time (day), A is the area of the paddy field (m 2). RAIN is the average rainfall rate during dt (cm day-1), IRR is the rate of irrigation water supply (cm day-1), DRAIN is the surface drainage or overflow rate (cm day-1), LSEEP is the rate of lateral seepage out of the plot through levees or bunds (cm day-1), RERC is the rate of vertical percolation (cm day-1), ET is the rate of evapotranspiration (cm day-1). 2020/9/10 JDS information session 11

A list of References　 1. All publications cited in the text should be presented in a list of references following the text of the manuscript. The manuscript should be carefully checked to ensure that the spelling of author's names and dates are exactly the same in the text as in the reference list. 2. In the text refer to the author's name(without initial) and year of publication, followed - if necessary- by a short reference to appropriate pages. Examples: "Since Peterson (1988) has shown that. . . " "This is in agreement with results obtained later (Kramer, 1993, pp. 12 -16)". 3. If reference is made in the text to a publication written by more than two authors the name of the first author should be used followed by "et al. ". This indication, however, should never be used in the list of references. In this list names of first author and co-authors should be mentioned. 4. References cited together in the text should be arranged chronologically. The list of references should be arranged alphabetically on authors' names, and chronologically per author. If an author's name in the list is also mentioned with co-authors the following order should be used: publications of the single author, arranged according to publication dates publications of the same author with one co-author - publications of the author with more than one co-author. Publications by the same author(s) in the same year should be listed as 1993 a, 1993 b, etc. 2020/9/10 JDS information session 12

5. Use the following system for arranging your references: a. For periodicals Tillman, R. W. , Scotter, D. R. , Clothier, B. E. , White, R. E. , 1991. Solute transport during intermittent water flow in a field soil and some implications for irrigation and fertilizer application. Agric. Water Manage. 20, 119 -133. b. For edited symposia, special issues, etc. published in a periodical Iwata, M. , Hirano, T. , Hasegawa, S. , 1982. Behavior and plasma sodium regulation of chum salmon fry during transition into seawater. In: Bern, H. A. , Mahnken, C. V. W. (Eds. ), Salmonid Smoltification. Proceedings of a Symposium, 29 June-1 July 1981, at La Jolla, CA, U. S. A. Aquaculture 28, 133 -142. c. For books Bartik, M. , Piskac, A. (Eds. ), 1981. Veterinary Toxicology, Developments in Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 7. Elsevier, Amsterdam. d. For multi-author books Vermeer, J. G. , Joosten, J. H. J. , 1992. Conservation and management of bog and fen reserves in the Netherlands. In: Verhoeven, J. T. A. (Ed. ), Fens and Bogs in The Netherlands: Vegetation, History, Nutrient Dynamics and Conservation. Geobotany, 18. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 433 -478. e. For unpublished reports, departmental notes, etc. Dickson, J. W. , Henshall, J. K. , O'Sullivan, M. F. , Soane, B. D. , 1979. Compaction effects under commercial and experimental cage wheels in comparison with rubber types on loose soil. Scot. Inst. Agric. Eng. , Dep. Note SIN/261 (unpubl. ) 9 pp. 2020/9/10 JDS information session 13

• 6. Abbreviate the titles of periodicals mentioned in the list of references according to International List of Periodical Title Word Abbreviations. • 7. In the case of publications in any language other than English, the original title is to be retained. 　However, the titles of publications in non-Latin alphabets should be transliterated, and a notation such as "(in Russian)" or "(in Greek, with English abstract)" should be added. • 8. In referring to a personal communication the two words are followed by the year, e. g. , "(J. Mc. Nary, personal communication, 1990)". 2020/9/10 JDS information session 14