A framework for access to TBHIV prevention and
A framework for access to TB/HIV prevention and care Dermot Maher Stop TB Department World Health Organization Geneva, Switzerland Treatment Action Group TB/HIV workshop Montreal, October 2002
Outline of presentation • • • TB and HIV - overlapping epidemics Biomedical interventions available against TB/HIV Current status of implementation of interventions A coherent health service response to TB/HIV Requirements for comprehensive action Anti-TB drugs and anti-HIV drugs - overlapping requirements
Contact details for documents • http: //www. who. int/gtb Documentalist Information Resource Centre Communicable Diseases WHO Geneva Switzerland cdsdoc@who. int
The burden of HIV-related disease • At any stage High-grade pathogens, e. g. pneumococcus, non-typhoid salmonellae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis • More advanced immunosuppression Low-grade pathogens, e. g. candida, Cryptococcus neoformans, toxoplasma, Pneumocystis carinii, atypical mycobacteria
TB/HIV overlapping epidemics The impact of HIV on the TB epidemic depends on the size of the overlap between the M tuberculosis infected and HIV infected populations Mycobacterium tuberculosis HIV overlap Region HIV epidemic TB and HIV TB/HIV epidemic overlap Africa generalised North America concentrated (IDU, MSM) Western Europe North concentrated (MSM) South concentrated (IDU) +++ + – +
Dynamics of TB and HIV in Uganda 140 120 100 35 TB 30 HIV-national 25 HIV-Kampala 20 80 15 60 40 10 20 5 0 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 0 2000 HIV prevalence adults (%) TB incidence/100, 000 160
A key fact At least 1 in 3 people with HIV will develop TB
Implication for HIV/AIDS Programmes TB is a huge part of HIV/AIDS care
Implication for TB Programmes Prevention of HIV is crucial to control TB
Evolving international response to TB/HIV? Previously - “a dual strategy for a dual epidemic” (UNAIDS) TB and HIV/AIDS programmes have largely pursued separate courses Now - unified health sector strategy Controlling TB/HIV as an integral part of response to HIV/AIDS.
Sequence of events in transmission of TB M. tuberculosis infection Transmission of infection Recurrence after treatment M. tuberculosis infected person Inadequate treatment Untreated TB progression TB reactivation Active TB
Sequence of events by which HIV fuels TB M. tuberculosis infection Transmission of infection HIV infection M. tuberculosis infected person Recurrence after treatment Inadequate treatment Untreated TB progression TB reactivation Active TB
Main biomedical interventions against M tuberculosis M. tuberculosis infection BCG Transmission of infection HIV infection M. tuberculosis infected person TB preventive treatment Recurrence after treatment Rifampicin containing regimens Inadequate treatment Untreated TB progression TB reactivation TB preventive treatment Active TB Intensified case-finding Decreased diagnostic & treatment delays Intervention against M. tuberculosis Sequence of events: HIV-negative HIV-positive
Main interventions to interrupt the sequence of events by which HIV fuels TB Transmission of infection M. tuberculosis infection BCG HIV infection Condoms STI treatment Safe IDU TB preventive treatment Recurrence after treatment Rifampicin containing regimens Inadequate treatment M. tuberculosis infected person HAART Untreated TB progression TB reactivation TB preventive treatment Active TB Intensified case-finding Decreased diagnostic & treatment delays Intervention against HIV Intervention against M. tuberculosis Sequence of events: HIV-negative HIV-positive
Expanded scope of new strategy to control TB in high HIV prevalence populations Intensified TB case-finding and treatment Additional measures beyond TB case-finding and treatment • TB preventive therapy • Interventions to decrease morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected TB patients • Interventions to decrease HIV transmission • ARV therapy
Status of implementation of interventions in sub-Saharan Africa in 2001 1) Condoms annual provision = 5 per man per year (17 in top 6 countries) 2 billion per year needed for all countries to match top 6 (Shelton JD, Johnston B. Br Med J 2001; 323: 139)
2) Antiretrovirals HIV-infected people treated with HAART = 30, 000 (out of 30 million)
3) NTP performance in 24 countries with adult HIV seroprevalence > 5% Countries achieving WHO target successful treatment rate of 85% (corrected for high case fatality) Malawi Haiti (40%)
A coherent health service response to TB/HIV (1) Strengthened TB programme activities Strengthened HIV/AIDS programme activities Joint TB and HIV/AIDS programme activities • planning • surveillance • training staff • drug supply and other logistics • case detection and management
A coherent health service response to TB/HIV (2) Essential package of HIV/AIDS care in low-income countries Interventions including TB interventions at relevant levels of health care system: • home and community care • primary care • secondary care • tertiary care Criteria for prioritisation, e. g. cost-effectiveness TB treatment is one of the most cost-effective HIV/AIDS interventions (Cost-effectiveness of HIV/AIDS interventions in Africa: a systematic review of the evidence. Creese et al. Lancet 2002; 359: 1635 -42)
Needs in strengthening general health service providers • Increased funding for improved general health service provider capacity (human resources, infrastructure, commmodities( • Shift in policy: away from vertical HIV/AIDS services towards a strengthened response to meet the needs of high HIV prevalence populations • Operational research on TB and HIV programme collaboration in supporting health providers • Effective coordination of many role players
Anti-TB drugs and ARVs (1) Synergy between anti-TB drug and anti-HIV drug supply • TB patients infected with HIV need anti-TB drugs and anti-HIV drugs • High HIV prevalence populations need anti-TB drugs – now – in the short- and medium-term – even when ARVs are widely available
Anti-TB drugs and ARVs (2) “The DOTS strategy” - a model for HIV treatment • Community-based approaches to HIV treatment in resource-poor settings. Farmer et al. Lancet 2001; 358: 404 -09. • Preventing retroviral anarchy in sub-Saharan Africa. Harries et al. Lancet 2001: 358; 410 -14.
Anti-TB drugs and ARVs (3) TB Programmes - a vehicle for ARV delivery HAART and TB control in Africa: synergies and potential. Harries et al. Bulletin of WHO 2002; 80: 464 -469.
Conclusion (1) Commitment (grassroots -> political) Increasing aid flows for priority diseases of poverty (AIDS, TB and malaria): • HIPC • GF ATM • Foundations, e. g. Gates Implementation research
Conclusion (2) “Increasingly, infectious disease research will be linked to the development of the medical infrastructure and training needed in developing countries to translate scientific advances into operational reality. ” Anthony Fauci Director, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, USA Fauci A. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2001; 32: 675 -85
Conclusion (3) commitment + $ + action -> results
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