A Few Informal Experiments Demonstrating Selected Cognitive Concepts

A Few Informal Experiments Demonstrating Selected Cognitive Concepts Michael B. Spring Department of Information Science and Telecommunications University of Pittsburgh, Pa 15260 Email: spring@imap. pitt. edu Web: http: //www. sis. pitt. edu/~spring Voice: (412) 624 -9429 Fax: (412) 624 -2788 Department of Information Science and Telecommunications

Introduction l What do we know about how people read? l How do we use “ecological” information? l What do we know about the processing of symbolic and pictorial information? l What do we know about preattentive processing? l What do we know about memory? l What do we know about conflicts? Department of Information Science and Telecommunications

How we Read The shell was critical to development. It can be applied in several disciplines. EMERGENCY Emergency Department of Information Science and Telecommunications

Reading Speed and comprehension(1) Developed by MIT’s Center for Advanced Educational Service, PIVot combines streaming video, textbook material, lecture transcription, simulations, and problem sets in a unique approach to tutoring. According to Richard Larson, principal investigator on the project, it’s designed to enhance the learning experience for students, supplementing rather than replacing lectures and book learning. This “deep nonlinear learning environment” is driven by a database engine that personalizes the tutoring experience for each student who uses it. PIVot incorporates a number of unique features. Department of Information Science and Telecommunications

Reading Speed and comprehension(2) Browser-based authoring also helps shrink the time and effort devoted to content creation and distribution, so companies can concentrate on other management functions. “We have browser-based Web authoring, but we see it as one of many processes that are required to have a collaborative ebusiness solution, ” says Scott Zirbel, director of sales and marketing for Exterprise’s Active. Market is aimed at large online marketplaces, giving them the ability to manage the entire process of content creation, submission, review, approval, and publication. Department of Information Science and Telecommunications

Reading Speed and comprehension(3) Web-page creation long ago advanced beyond the realm of the Webmaster. Programs such as Microsoft’s Front. Page gave the great unwashed a taste of site building. But as companies continue to decentralize their content creation and management, online communities and marketplaces are turning to browser-based programs that let system administrators set access rights for individual users so that employees—or business partners, portal members, or ASP customers—can edit their own pages, leaving professional Web-site creators free to focus on more sophisticated tasks. Department of Information Science and Telecommunications

Knowledge in the world Department of Information Science and Telecommunications

The Gestalt Phenomena – Completion Department of Information Science and Telecommunications

Symbolic Processing vs Visualization • Two pairs of closest cities • Two most distant • Most centered – shortest combined distance to all others Department of Information Science and Telecommunications

Symbolic Processing vs Visualization Tallahassee Panama Apalachicola Jacksonville Daytona Orlando • Two pairs of closest cities • Two most distant • Most centered – shortest combined distance to all others St Peters Sarasota West Palm Fort Meyers Naples Lauderdale Key West Department of Information Science and Telecommunications

Preattentive 1 l Find the Letter Q Department of Information Science and Telecommunications

CAD ZXC ZXAKO SJD FNKA SJN DFJ ANB DSF JHDS JHG ADJF GKJA DKFJN GKJ DN MBNOM LRT LF K JGY UDSKFJ GKJS JLGKJAD FKJG K AJBFDGVFI EKJTG IUER THIUT YH IUB FJB DFFJA SNBF KJADS KSJD FNKASJNDFJ ANB DSF JHDS JHG ADJF GKJ XCCO DS DFZO DA DKFJJ YHN GKJSDF K JG DSKFJ GKS FQJS DFLH KG KJSDN FGKJ SKJ DF KSJBN HGJHD FNKASJ NDFJ ANB DSF JHDS JHG ADJF GKJA DKFJN GKJSDF K JG DSKFJ GKJS DFLKG KJSDN FG KJ SKJ DK L HJK LN MBB NVMF Department of Information Science and Telecommunications

Preattentive 2 l Find the Red Letter Department of Information Science and Telecommunications

CAD ZXC ZXAKO SJD FNKA SJN DFJ ANB DSF JHDS JHG ADJF GKJA DKFJN GKJ DN MBNOM LRT LF K JGY UDSKFJ GKJS JLGKJAD FKJG K AJBFDGVFI EKJTG IUER THIUT YH IUB FJB DFFJA SNBF KJADS KSJD FNKASJNDFJ ANB DSF JHDS JHG ADJF GKJ XCCO DS DFZO DA DKFJJ YHN GKJSDF K JG DSKFJ GKS FQJS DFLH KG KJSDN FGKJ SKJ DF KSJBN HGJHD FNKASJ NDFJ ANB DSF JHDS JHG ADJF GKJA DKFJN GKJSDF K JG DSKFJ GKJS DFLKG KJSDN FG KJ SKJ DK L HJK LN MBB NVMF Department of Information Science and Telecommunications

Preattentive 3 l Find the Green Letter – thanks to a skeptical student from Molde Department of Information Science and Telecommunications

CAD ZXC ZXAKO SJD FNKA SJN DFJ ANB DSF JHDS JHG ADJF GKJA DKFJN GKJ DN MBNOM LRT LF K JGY UDSKFJ GKJS JLGKJAD FKJG K AJBFDGVFI EKJTG IUER THIUT YH IUB FJB DFFJA SNBF KJADS KSJD FNKASJNDFJ ANB DSF JHDS JHG ADJF GKJ XCCO DS DFZO DA DKFJJ YHN GKJSDF K JG DSKFJ GKS FQJS DFLH KG KJSDN FGKJ SKJ DF KSJBN HGJHD FNKASJ NDFJ ANB DSF JHDS JHG ADJF GKJA DKFJN GKJSDF K JG DSKFJ GKJS DFLKG KJSDN FG KJ SKJ DK L HJK LN MBB NVMF Department of Information Science and Telecommunications

Preattentive 4 l Find the open circle Department of Information Science and Telecommunications

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Preattentive 5 l Find the closed circle Department of Information Science and Telecommunications

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Recall l Here a list of fonts Department of Information Science and Telecommunications

l l l l l Times. New. Roman Courier Helvetica Palatino Arial Avant. Garde Bookman Bedrock New. Century. School. Book Department of Information Science and Telecommunications

Recall l Name a font beginning with a P Department of Information Science and Telecommunications

Recognition Name a font beginning with a N l l l l l Times. New. Roman Courier Helvetica Palatino Arial Avant. Garde Bookman Bedrock New. Century. School. Book Department of Information Science and Telecommunications

Short Term Memory & Chunking Be prepared when the list is completed to write the numbers down in the order that you saw them. Department of Information Science and Telecommunications

1 Department of Information Science and Telecommunications

4 Department of Information Science and Telecommunications

9 Department of Information Science and Telecommunications

2 Department of Information Science and Telecommunications

1 Department of Information Science and Telecommunications

7 Department of Information Science and Telecommunications

7 Department of Information Science and Telecommunications

6 Department of Information Science and Telecommunications

1 Department of Information Science and Telecommunications

0 Department of Information Science and Telecommunications

6 Department of Information Science and Telecommunications

6 Department of Information Science and Telecommunications

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Here is another memory task Be prepared when it is done to list the numbers in order on your sheet Department of Information Science and Telecommunications

1492 Department of Information Science and Telecommunications

1776 Department of Information Science and Telecommunications

1066 Department of Information Science and Telecommunications

Stroop Effect 1 Department of Information Science and Telecommunications

Stroop Effect 2 HFDF JD FHFD HA FDLGMADFLMGAD FDKLGHJGHJJALKDF DFGHJHGJLAD; FLK SDFAJMSL; KDJF ASDFLHJKASL; D DFLAGHJJHKSLD ASDLHJGKFAL; S DSAFLAKSDKF; LAS SDAOFPOASKDPOF ASDFOAHJGHKASD ASOPDFKODFKJA Department of Information Science and Telecommunications

Stroop Effect 3 GREEN RED BLUE YELLOW ORANGE GREEN BLACK BLUE RED BLACK YELLOW RED Department of Information Science and Telecommunications

A “Dozen” Principles l l l Recognition is easier than recall There are visual shortcuts to awareness (Triesman) Scripts and schema seem to explain important aspects of cognition (Shank) People use both functional and structural models of the world It is possible to encode knowledge in the world (Gibson) It is clear that people enhance what they perceive (Marr) Department of Information Science and Telecommunications

A “Dozen” Principles (continued) l l l There is evidence that people process information both propositionally and analogically (Shepard) Working memory and the nature of attention make multiple high level processes difficult but do not interfere with automatic processes There is evidence that memory is organized so as to support “prototypes” (Rosch) One of the easiest ways to learn is through analogy and metaphor Color can aid and interfere with symbolic processing Department of Information Science and Telecommunications

What is your 12 th Principle? Department of Information Science and Telecommunications