a Example torque data for subject I elicited
(a) Example torque data for subject I, elicited by combined hip and knee extension movement and hip extension movement with knee flexed. Positive torque is defined as extension and negative torque as flexion for the hip (upper trace) and knee (middle trace). Positive torque is defined as plantar flexion and negative torque as dorsiflexion for ankle (lower trace). Following end of movement, clear pattern of isometric torque response with hip flexion, knee extension, and ankle plantar flexion was observed for condition of combined hip and knee extension movement. Modest torque responses for knee and ankle were observed for condition of hip extension movement with knee flexed. (b) Typical electromyography (EMG) responses to imposed hip and knee movement for subject I. EMG activities of tibialis anterior (TA), medial gastrocnemius (MG), soleus (SOL), vastus medialis (VM), rectus femoris (RF), and medial hamstrings (MH) were elicited with combined hip and knee movement into extension. Especially, prolonged muscle activities were observed for ankle plantar flexors (MG and SOL) during hold period, even though movement was induced only at hip and knee joints. In addition, cocontraction of knee extensors and flexors was commonly observed for this condition. In contrast, for condition of hip extension with knee flexed, only modest EMG muscle activities were observed for most leg muscles. Ming Wu, Ph. D; et. al
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