A Common Web Language Hiroshi Uchida ISe C

A Common Web Language Hiroshi Uchida ISe. C (Institute of Semantic Computing)

Semantic Computing, CDL and UNL CDL: =Concept Description Language met Computer agt think Natural Language [+core_on tology] icl UNL R+A CDL. nl Common Web Language met person agt think UW OWL RDF/XML

UNL a language for computers • Artificial language (Semantic Network with Hyper Node) A node represents a concept An arc represents a relation A node can be annotated by attributes • Consists of; Universal Words: Relations, Attributes: Knowledge Base: vocabulary syntax semantics

Long ago, in the city of Babylon, the people begun to build a huge tower, which seemed about to reach the heavens. long ago tim agt begun obj people huge agt aoj build plc tower obj city reach mod gol Babylon heaven obj seemed

Long ago, in the city of Babylon, the people begun to build a huge tower, which seemed about to reach the heavens. {unl} tim(begin(agt>thing, obj>thing). @entry. @past, long ago(icl>ago)) mod(city(icl>region). @def, Babylon(icl>city)) plc(begin(agt>thing, obj>thing). @entry. @past, city(icl>region). @def) agt(begin(agt>thing, obj>thing). @entry. @past, people(icl>person). @def) obj(begin(agt>thing, obj>thing). @entry. @past, build(agt>thing, obj>thing) @past) agt(build(agt>thing, obj>thing), people(icl>person). @def) obj(build(agt>thing, obj>thing)), tower(icl>building)) aoj(huge(icl>big), tower(icl>building)) aoj(seem(aoj>thing). @past, tower(icl>building)) obj(seem(aoj>thing). @past, reach(icl>come). @begin. @soon) obj(reach(icl>come). @begin. @soon, tower(icl>building)) gol(reach(icl>come). @begin. @soon, heaven(icl>region). @def. @pl) {/unl}

History of UNL • Started in 1996, as an initiative of the UNU/IAS in Japan • R&D UNU/IAS and other 19 research institutes Development on 18 languages Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Greek, German, Hindi, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Latvian, Mongol, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Thai, Swahili • Transfer to the UNDL Foundation in 2001

Relation • Constitutes syntax of the UNL • Expresses objectivity together with UWs • Expresses how concepts(UW) constitutes a sentence related each other • 38 relations agt and aoj bas cag cao cnt cob con coo dur fmt frm ins man met mod nam obj or per plc plf plt pof pos ptn pur qua rsn scn seq src tim tmf tmt to via

Relation agt and aoj bas ben cag cao agent a thing in focus that initiates an action conjunction a partner to have conjunctive relation thing with attribute a thing that is in a state or has an attribute basis a thing used as the basis (standard) of comparison beneficiary an indirectly related beneficiary or victim of an event or state co-agent a thing not in focus that initiates an implicit event that is done in parallel co-thing with attribute a thing not in focus that is in a parallel state

Relation cnt icl Ins Int Iof man met mod nam content the content of a concept included/a kind of an upper concept or a more general concept instrument a instrument to carry out an event intersection a partner to take an intersection an instance of a class concept that an instance belongs to manner a way to carry out an event or characteristics of a state method means to carry out an event modification a thing that restricts a focused thing name a name of a thing

Relation obj opl or per plc plf plt pof affected thing a thing in focus that is directly effected by an event or state affected place a place in focus affected by an event disjunction a partner to have disjunctive relation proportion, rate of distribution a basis or unit of proportion, rate of distribution place the place where an event occurs, or a state is true, or a thing exists initial place the place where an event begins or a state becomes true final place the place where an event ends or a state becomes false part-of a concept of which a focused thing is a part

Relation pos ptn pur qua rsn scn seq Src possessor a possessor of a thing partner an indispensable non-focused initiator of an action purpose or objective the purpose or objective of an agent of an event or the purpose of a thing which exists quantity of a thing or unit reason a reason why an event or a state happens scene a scene where an event occurs, or state is true, or a thing exists sequence a prior event or state of a focused event or state source/initial state the initial state of an object or thing initially associated with the object of an event

Relation tim tmf tmt to via Time the time an event occurs or a state is true initial time the time an event starts or a state becomes true final time the time an event ends or a state becomes false destination a final state of a thing or a final thing (destination) associated with the focused thing intermediate place or state an intermediate place or state of an event

Attributes • Mainly describe subjectivity • Attributes group: • Describing logic characters / properties of concepts • Times with respect to the speaker • Speaker’s view on aspects of event • Speaker’s view of reference to concepts • Speaker’s view of emphasis, focus and topic • Speaker’s attitudes • Speaker’s feelings and judgments

Attribute • Time with respect to speaker @past @present @future • Speaker’s view of aspect @begin-soon @begin-just @progress @end-soon @end-just @complete @state @repeat • Speaker’s view of reference @generic @def @indef @not @ordinal • Speaker’s focus @emphasis @entry @qfocus @theme @title @topic • Speaker’s attitude @affirmative @confirmation @exclamation @imperative @interrogative @invitation @politeness @respect @vocative

Attribute • Speaker’s viewpoint @ability, @ability-past, @admire, @although, @ask-back, @conclusion, @custom, ＠doubt, @expectation, @grant-not, @induce, @inevitability, @insistence, @intention, @may, @obligation-not, @possibility, @probability, @regret, @request, @should, @unexpected-presumption, @unexpected-consequence, @will • Convention @angle_bracket, @double_parenthesis, @double_quotation, @parenthesis, @pl, @single_quotation, @square_bracket

Attribute for Describing Logicality @transitive @symmetric @identifiable @disjointed attached to an UW that has transitivity attached to an UW that has symmetricity attached to an UW that can identify the subject attached to an UW or a group of UWs to show that all element concept do not hold common instance. All connected UWs do not share instances.

Attribute for Times Respect to Writer @past @present @future happened in the past happening at present will happen in future

Attribute for Writer’s View on Aspect of Event @begin @complete @continue @custom @end @experience @progress @repeat @state beginning of an event or a state finishing/completion of a (whole) event continuation of an event customary or repetitious action end/termination of an event or a state experience an event is in progress repetition of an event final state or the existence of the object on which an action has been taken

Attribute for modifying Attribute on Aspect @just @soon @yet expresses an event or a state that has just begun or ended/completed expresses an event or a state that is about to begin or end/completed expresses an event or a state that has not yet started or ended/completed, together with @not

Attribute for Writer’s View of Reference on Concept @generic @def @indef @not @ordinal generic concept already referred non-specific class complement set ordinal number

Attribute for View of Emphasis, Focus, and Topic @contrast @emphasis @entry @qfocus @theme @title @topic contrasted UW emphasized UW entry or main UW of a sentence or a scope focused UW of a question instantiates an object from a different class title topic

Attribute for Writer’s Attitude @affirmative @confirmation @exclamation @humility @imperative @interrogative @invitation @polite @request @respect @vocative affirmation confirmation exclamation in a humility manner imperative interrogation inducement polite way request respectful way vocative

Attribute for Writer’s Felling and Judgment @ability @get-benefit @give-benefit @conclusion @consequence @sufficient @consent @dissent @grant-not ability, capability of doing something speaker’s feeling of receiving benefits through the fact or result of something (to be) done by somebody else speaker’s feeling of giving benefits by doing something for somebody else logical conclusion due to a certain condition logical consequence sufficient condition consent feeling of the speaker about something dissent feeling of the speaker about something to give/get consent/permission to do something not to give consent to do something

Attribute for Writer’s Felling and Judgment @although something follows against [contrary to] or beyond expectation @discontented feeling of the speaker about something @expectation of something @wishful feeling, to wish something is true or has happened @insistence strong determination to do something @intention about something or to do something @want desire to do something @will determination to do something @need necessity to do something @obligation to do something according to (quasi-) law, contract, or … @obligation-not obligation not to do something, forbid to do something according to (quasi-) law, contract or …

Attribute for Writer’s Felling and Judgment @should @unavoidable @certain @inevitable @may @possible @probable @rare @unreal to do something as a matter of course unavoidable feeling of the speaker about doing something certainty that something is true or happens logical inevitability that something is true or happens practical possibility that something is true or happens logical possibility that something is true or happens (practical) probability that something is true or happens rare logical possibility that something is true or happens unreality that something is true or happens

Attribute for Writer’s Felling and Judgment @admire @blame @contempt @regret @surprised @troublesome the occurrence of admiring feeling of the speaker about something blameful feeling of the speaker about something contemptuous feeling of the speaker about something Regretful feeling of the speaker about something surprised feeling of the speaker about something troublesome feeling of the speaker about something

Attribute for Convention @passive @pl @angle_bracket @brace @double_parenthesis @double_quote @parenthesis @single_quote @square_bracket passive form more than one < > are used { } are used (( )) are used “ ” are used ( ) are used ‘ ’ are used [ ] are used

Universal Word • <UW>: : = <headword> [<constraint list>] • <headword>: : = <character>… • <constraint list>: : = “(“ <constraint> [ “, ” <constraint>]… “)” • <constraint>: : = <relation label> { “>” | “<” } <UW> [<constraint list>] |<relation label> { “>” | “<” } <UW> [<constraint list>] [ { “>” | “<” } <UW> [<constraint list>] ] … • <relation label>: : = “agt” | and” | “aoj” | “obj” | “icl” |. . .

Types of UW • • Basic UW Restricted UW Extra UW (Imported UW) Temporary UW

A kind of UW • Basic UW Express set of every concept an English word(/phase/clause) can express ex) spring • Restricted UW Restrict a concept by constraint ex) spring(icl>tool) spring(icl>season) spring(agt>person, obj>person)

Basic Category of UW • UWs should belong to the following categories • Nominal Concept • Verbal Concept • Adjective Concept • Adverbial Concept

UW • Nominal Concept swallow(icl>thing) • Verbal Concept change(agt>thing) I changed my mind. change(obj>thing) The weather will change. I cannot remember his name. Do you remember me? remember(agt>thing) remember(aoj>thing)

UW • Adjective Concept positive(aoj>thing) only(mod<thing) Are you positive about that? a positive fact the only person • Adverbial Concept weekly(icl>how) only(icl>how) This class is held weekly. The child only cried.

UW • If the ambiguity of an UW still remains, upper category labels of UW system(hierarchy) or case relations will be used. • Restrict using upper category swallow(icl>bird) swallow(icl>action) swallow(icl>quantity) the bird “One swallow does not make a summer” the action of swallowing “at one swallow” the quantity “take a swallow of water”

UW • Restrict using case relations spring(agt>thing, obj>wood) bending something spring(agt>thing, obj>mine)) spring(agt>thing, obj>person, src>prison)) spring(agt>thing, gol>place) blasting something escaping (from) prison spring(agt>thing, gol>thing) spring(obj>liquid) jumping up “to spring up” jumping on “to spring on” gushing out “to spring out”

UNLKB • Define the concept of UW Concepts are defined by describing the set of possible relations. • Provide linguistic knowledge of Concepts • Format: relation(UW 1, UW 2)=c c=0, 0<c<256

UW System (Ontrogy) • All Uws arelinked with each other through “icl” (subclass) “iof” (element / instance) “equ” • Property inheritance • Replacement by super-class concept

Knowledge • Linguistic knowledge semantic information of words for understanding sentences of natural languages semantic background of natural language sentences • Definitions of concepts knowledge of concepts in connection with other concepts knowledge for reasoning • Others every kind of knowledge such as encyclopedia knowledge for reasoning and providing information on concepts

(3) Knowledge on concepts provided by natural language sentences, for example, encyclopaedia, etc. UNL Expressions (2) Definition of concepts (1) Linguistic knowledge Links between concepts and definition of the concepts that can specify the concepts Links between concepts and knowledge on the concepts UNLKB

UNLKB equ cn t {unl}. . . {/unl} {unl}. . . {unl} {/unl}. . . {/unl} UNL Documents of Definitions ＵＮＬ Documents of Encyclopedia

UNL Knowledge System uw adjective concept adverbial concept nominal concept uw(aoj>thing) uw(mod<thing) how thing verbal concept be do occur inference ＵＮＬ artificial inteligence ＵＮＬ clarify realize computer system human inteligence usage computer learning inference recognition judgement unknown based scientifically theory known matter rule matter some UNL Encyclopedia

UNL Verifier UNL Encyclopedi a UNL Library UNL–based application E UD NI LT O R E X UP NL LO R E R Language Server En. Converter UNL-Language Dictionary UNL KCIC En. Co Rules De. Converter UNL Proxy UNL Documen t Base UW Gate UNL KB UW Dictionar y Concept Definition s (UNL)

Annotation Editor Natural Language Texts Grammatical Rules Natural Language Texts Annotated Natural Language Texts Universal Parser UNL Verifier UNL Document En. Converter Word Dictionary Cooccurrence Dictionary UNL KB UW Dictionary Web Server HTML+XML UW Gate De. Converter UNL Document

CDL Model & Syntax Provide basic data structure common to all CDL. * Basic data structure “{“ “}” : Concept defined in the CDL “<“ “>”: Concept which is imagined by the symbol. { Instance_Label Concept_Label Attribute_Value_Pair… : Concept… Arch: = [node 1 node 2 } node 3]

CDL to CDL/RDF Compound Concept #S s #A a #B b #C c <cdl: Compound rdf: ID= "s" > cdl: binrel a b d c {#S s : {#A a: } {#B b: } {#C c: } [#A #B #C] } <cdl: Compound rdf: ID= "s" > <cdl: binrel> <cdl: subject rdf: about= "a">. <cdl: Compound rdf: ID= "s" > <cdl: concept> a b c.

Natural Language Representation in CDL. nl Ex. 1 “I received a report that a computer was purchased yesterday. ” {#A event: {#B event: <#11: yesterday> <#12: computer> <#13: purchased> [#13 tim #11] [#13 obj #12] } <#2: report> <#3: received> <#4: I> [#2 cnt #B] [#3 obj #2] [#3 rec #4] }

CDL. Nl Representation in RDF <cdl: Compound rdf: about= “event " rdf: ID= “#A" > <cdl: binrel> <uw: received rdf: ID= “#3" > <cdl: obj> <uw: report rdf: ID= “#2" >. <uw: received rdf: ID= “#3" > <cdl: rec> <uw: I rdf: ID= “#4" >. <cdl: Compound rdf: about= “event " rdf: ID= “#A" > <cdl: binrel> < uw: report rdf: ID= “#2" >. <uw: report rdf: ID= “#2" > <cdl: cnt> < cdl: Compound rdf: ID= “#B" >. < cdl: Compound rdf: about= “event " rdf: ID= “#B" > <cdl: binrel> <uw: purchased rdf: ID= “#13" > <cdl: tim> <uw: yesterday rdf: ID= “#11" >. <uw: purchased rdf: ID= “#13" > <cdl: obj> <uw: computer rdf: ID= “#12" >.

Further Information on CDL, UNL CDL: www. instsec. org/tr UNL: www. undl. org