A brief history of ROME This is Rome

A brief history of… ROME

This is Rome…

This is Rome…

This is Bath (built by the Romans) in England…

This is Rome… Senatus Populusque Romanus

This is Rome…

13 th Legendary fall of Troy 1250 BC – destroyed by the Greeks 12 th Destruction of all major Mycenaean cities (except Athens) 11 th -10 th Dark Ages in Greece 9 th 8 th Phonecians settle in Carthage Rome is a small, primitive hill settlement traditionally thought to be founded by Romulus 735 BC + Homer ‘writes’ The Illiad and The Odyssey 7 th Archaic Age in Greece 6 th Rome becomes a republic after expulsion of Tarquin the Proud in 510 BC. Begins conquest of Italy 5 th Persian Wars Golden Age of Greece: Pericles in charge of Athens Peloponnesian War – 431 – 404 BC 4 th Philip of Macedon unites Greece by force. Alexander the Great conquers eastern empire – dies 323 BC End of democracy in Greece 3 rd Rome controls all of Italy and begins to conquer the known world First Punic War between Carthage and Rome – 264 – 241 BC Second Punic War – Hannibal invades Italy – defeated 202 BC 2 nd Rome expands empire to control Greece, North Africa, Asia Minor Carthage destroyed 146 BC First civil strife in Rome 133 BC 1 st Octavian wins battle of Actium 31 BC. Attempts to restore religion, moral values, economic prosperity Virgil writes the Aeneid to support his aims 30 -19 BC

The founder of Rome n Two brothers fought over the kingdom of Alba Longa n n n Numitor – lost – de-throned Amulius - won Vestal virgin – Rhea Silvia n Locked away and forbidden to marry n n Mars ‘visited’ her Conceived twins Romulus and Remus n n She was killed Babies left to drown on river Tiber

The She-Wolf - Lupa n n She-wolf carried Romulus and Remus to her den Suckled them Faustulus found them and took them home – Palatine Hill When older they avenged their family n Put Numitor back on throne on Alba

A New Home n n They left Alba to found a new city on the banks of the Tiber BUT where to build it? n Remus – Aventine n Romulus – Palatine n They waited for an augury Remus – 6 vultures n Romulus – 12 vultures n

Long live Romulus! n n n Romulus and Remus argued Remus was killed Romulus built his city on the banks of the Tiber

A kingdom… n Agricultural people Small cluster of hills n Pastures and crops, herds and flocks n n Rome founded 753 BC Ruled by kings for 250 years approx. Tarquin the Proud Too arrogant and tyrannical n Expelled 510 BC n

…To Republic… n n 509 BC – wealthy landowners established a republic Governed by magistrates n Elect annually n n Next 500 years – expands n n Serve 1 year Took control of most of Mediterranean Sea 100 years of civil strife

Julius Caesar n n n Defeated opponent Pompey Was assassinated in 44 BC Dictator perpetuus (dictator for life) Ides of March (15 March) Et tu Brute n And you, Brutus

…To Empire… n Julius Caesar’s nephew n n n Octavian – adopted heir Octavian defeated Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium – 31 BC Octavian took title of: princeps (first citizen) n imperator (commander of the army) n n Emperor NOT king (rex)

Augustus… n n n n Very important Old beliefs neglected Rebuilt temples Revived old ways of worship Roman empire threatening to fall apart Ruled 45 years, die AD 14 Last Emperor of Rome n Romulus Augustulus – deposed by barbarians AD 476

But what did the Roman’s do for us?

Earliest Roman Religion n Humans feared nature Early Romans – farmers World inhabited by spirits n numina or numen Religion = contract n Religio = linking/binding n Business relationship Observe seasons – elaborate annual calander full of festivals and rituals

The Gods n n Were feared and respected Were a combination of other cultures deities Romans had a close relationship with Greece The Greek’s myths and gods became Roman’s myths and gods

King of the gods n Ruler of the sky n Husband to Juno, n The symbols are thunderbolt, eagle, bull and oak. n

Queen of the gods n Goddess of child birth and marriage. n Wife of Jupiter. n Symbols are the sceptre, peacock and diadem. n

Goddess of love, beauty and lust. n She is the wife of Vulcan n Represented by the symbols of sceptre, dove and myrtle. n

God of blacksmiths and all metal workers. God of technology n He made the arms and armour of Achilles. n His symbols are the axe, flame and hammer. n

Goddess of hunting, virginity, wild life. n Twin of Apollo n Associated with the moon. n She is represented by the bow, dogs and deer. n

God of music, medicine, health, fitness, light and truth. n Twin of Diana. n Represented by the symbols of bows, lyre and laurel. n

Goddess of wisdom, warfare and reason n She was seen by the Greeks and Romans as the wisest of all n Symbols are the owl and aegis (shield) n

God of war, bloodshed and murder. n Lover of Venus n Popular with Romans n

God of the sea. n Creator of earthquakes. n His symbols are sea foam, trident and dolphins. n

Goddess of homes and hearth. n She is the centre point of all the homes of Roman civilization. n Symbol is the flame n Vestal Virgins n

Goddess of fertility, grain, agriculture and harvest. n She is represented by the symbols of corn, sceptre and torch. n Mother of Proserpine n

Wife of Pluto n Queen of the underworld n Daughter of Ceres n

Ruler and God of the Underworld and wealth. n He is represented by the Helm of Darkness and a three headed dog. n Husband to Prosperpine. n

God of thieves, mischief and travellers. n Messenger of the Gods n He is represented by a pair of winged boots. n

God of enjoyment and merriment. n Governs intoxication of wine, parties, festivals and merry occasions. n He is symbolized by grape vine and ivy. n