A Brief History of Gifted Education GE in

A Brief History of Gifted Education & GE in KY

Concept of Intelligence Nature vs. Nurture: * Galton (1859): the “g” factor * Alfred Binet (1905): IQ test * Lewis Terman (1916): “Terman kids” & the Genetic Studies of Genius (IQ 140+)

Howard Gardner Project Zero at Harvard and the Theory of Multiple Intelligence 8 Intelligence: * Linguistic intelligence * Logical-mathematical intelligence * Musical intelligence * Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence * Spatial intelligence * Interpersonal intelligence * Intrapersonal intelligence * Naturalist intelligence

Sputnik “effect” on gifted education in 1958 and the Marland Report in 1972 The report highlighted: 2. 5 million students in schools are gifted 57. 7% of schools received NO services Gifted students were NOT served in 21 states “most neglected and potentially productive groups of students”

Definition of Giftedness “Children and youth with outstanding talent perform or how the potential for performing at remarkable high levels of accomplishment when compared with others of their age, experience, or environment. These children and youth exhibit high performance capability in intellectual, creative, and/or artistic areas, posess an unusual leadership capacity, or excel in specific academic fields. They require services or activities not ordinarily provided by the schools. Outstanding talents are present in children and youth from all cultural groups, across all economic strata, and in all areas of human endeavor. “ US Department of Education/OERI (p. 26)

Development of Gifted Education Due to Marland Report 1979, Julian Stanley began the Center of Talented Youth (CTY) at Johns Hopkins in response to the national need to recognize and develop the world’s brightest young minds Renzulli develops the Enrichment Triad Model By 1977, 75% of states had a definition of gifted 66% increase in students served 31% of states increased funding; 42 sponsor teacher training and endorsements; 38 states enact legislation

Jacob K. Javits Grants 1988: Training component for pre-service/in-service teachers Model projects and exemplary programs in ID and education National Research Centers for G/T UCONN -- Renzulli UGA -- Torrance UVA -- Callahan YALE -- Sternberg

Current Gifted Education President Regan disbanded G/T office at the US Dept of Ed Cox, Daniel and Boston publish survey results in Educating Able Learners (90% are pull out programs, called “part time solution to a full time problem” Carol Ann Tomlinson and the Differentiated Classroom Currently, 26 states mandate services; 23 support with $$$; 14 require certification

History of Gifted Education in KY (1958 – present) Regular Session of the General Assembly, Senate Resolution 97 directed the Legislative Research Commission to study "exceptional, retarded and normal children". Study did not specifically define gifted and talented children, but did specify that "exceptional children, who have great potential, particularly in the field of science" should be included in the study. There was no other mention of exceptional children in the legislative process until 1962.

1960 - 1969 A bill passed that mentioned children who were "physically handicapped, speech defective, educable mentally handicapped, and trainable mentally handicapped. " Giftedness was not included specifically. The Lincoln School (1967 -1970) was established with funding for economically deprived talented secondary school students

1970 -1979 Lincoln School was abolished in 1970 KRS 157. 200 amended to include “intellectually gifted” for the first time Bureau of Education for Exceptional Children incorporates a Division of the Intellectually Gifted KRS 157. 200 amended to include expanded definition

Pilot programs established to provide instruction for intellectually gifted or talented children Gifted and talented children defined as children capable of high performance in 5 areas Local school districts with experimental programs make progress reports to state board State Superintendent of Public Instruction required to analyze gifted and talented experimental programs

1980 - 1989 Experimental or classroom units of instruction for GT students are implemented and state funds are appropriated biannually based on state’s ability to fund programs Department of Education required to provide in-service training for teachers which did not operate experimental programs for GT students or for districts allotted classroom units Advisory Council for Gifted and Talented Education was established and attached to the state board of education Department of Education instructed to develop and implement evaluation procedure to monitor GT programs Teachers employed in Gifted Education required to have certificate of endorsement

1990 - 1999 Early statutes related to gifted education repealed Values of units no longer calculated. GT Funds became a set-aside grant program outside the SEEK program GT children designated as a Category of Exceptional children Regulation for GT program revised to incorporate change Qualifications for GT Coordinator were established Gifted Student Services Plan incorporated into 704 KAR 3: 285 School board policy implements 704 KAR 3: 285

2000 - 2009 Emergency certification for GT Teachers enacted Regulations for AP courses, dual enrollment, Virtual High School and International Baccalaureate courses For purposes of funding, accelerated kindergartners allowed other classification Schools allowed to establish performance descriptors so that districts may award credit toward high school graduation Definition of accelerated learning expanded to allow students to move more quickly through course requirements

2010 - Present Early Entrance to Kindergarten appeal process Kentucky’s Legal Framework 704 KAR 3: 285 KRS 157. 196 – Individual Education plan for exceptional students AKA Gifted Student Service Plan (GSSP) v KRS 157. 200 – Gifted and talented student defined v KRS 157. 224 – Comprehensive education program for students possessing potential to perform at high levels v KRS 157. 230 – School district is to establish and maintain special educational programs for exceptional children v

Regulation Statutory Authority KRS 156. 070: 'The Kentucky Board of Education shall have the management and control of the common schools and all programs operated in these schools. " KRS 157. 196(3): "The Kentucky Board of Education shall promulgate administrative regulation establishing procedures for the development and monitoring of individual education plans. KRS 157. 220: "The Kentucky Board of Education shall make necessary rules and regulation in keeping with the provisions of KRS 157. 200 to 157. 280. KRS 157. 224: "The Commonwealth of Kentucky is committed to providing a comprehensive educational program for its exceptional children and youth. The Department of Education coordinates, directs, and monitors that program. State direction and implementation of a statewide special education program is manifested in the biennial appropriation of funds to assure a quality educational opportunity for exceptional children and youth. "