A Best and worst American civilization1870 to 1900

A. Best and worst American civilization---1870 to 1900 • Major events • Industrial expansion, inventors and inventions • Settlement of the West • Railroad = symbol of grow = distribution system • Rise of a labor unions • Rise of immigration • Rise of urbanization • Political parties took no clear cut stand on issues • Captains of industry were the political leaders • protect a laissez-faire system and capitalism. . B. Examples of Corruption

3. James A. Garfied--1881 ---Republican • Assassinated by an upset spoilsman--Charles Guiteau 4. Chester A. Arthur---1881 to 1885 ---Republicans • Pendleton Civil Service Act--reformed the spoils system 5. Grover Cleveland--1885 to 1889 and 1893 to 1897 • Only Democrat---Serves two terms but not consecutive • Conflicts between business and labor. • Formation of Labor Unions • Haymarket Riot • Pullman Strike • Interstate Commerce Act--1887 • Tariff of 1894 6. Benjamin Harrison--1889 to 1893 ---Republican • Four major laws were signed during his presidency: • Sherman Anti-Trust Act • Sherman Silver Purchase Act • Mc. Kinley Tariff Act • Dependent Pension Act

v. The wealthy lived extravagant lifestyles and considered themselves elitists. v The common people resented their snobbish attitudes and wealth. There was a caste system in the U. S. v 1861 -----3 millionaires-----1900 ----3, 800 Two Different Worlds 1 v 1900, 90% of wealth, controlled by 10% of population.

The Emergence of Political Machines Political Machine • Organized group that controls a city’s political party • Give services to voters, businesses for political, financial support • After Civil War, machines gain control of major cities • Machine organization: precinct captains, ward bosses, city boss

The Role of the Political Boss • May serve as mayor he: • controls city jobs, business licenses • influences courts, municipal agencies • arranges building projects, community services • Bosses paid by businesses, get voters’ loyalty, extend influence Immigrants and the Machine • Many captains, bosses 1 st or 2 nd generation Americans • Machines help immigrants with naturalization, jobs, housing Election Fraud and Graft • Machines use electoral fraud to win elections • Graft—illegal use of political influence for personal gain Graft • Machines take kickbacks, bribes to allow legal, illegal activities

• Corrupt political leader put New York City in debt üPolitical boss • 1851 elected to city council • 1852 served in Congress • Kept Democratic Party in power in NYC called Tammany Hall • Formed the Tweed Ring • Bought votes, encouraged corruption, controlled NYC politics

v. Received large fees for interests (*kickbacks) from the Erie Railroad v. Tweed Ring milked the city with false leases, padded bills, false vouchers, unnecessary repairs and over-priced goods *Return of a portion of the money received in a sale or contract often illegal and corrupt in return for special favors.

v. Exposed for his corruption by cartoonist and editor, Thomas Nast Tweed Ring fell and 1873 Tweed convicted of embezzlement v v. Later Tweed was arrested on a civil charge and jailed in NYC, later died there

Credit Mobilier • Phony construction company owned by stockholders of Union Pacific Railroad. • Hired Credit Mobilier to build the transcontinental railroad • Charged the U. S. government nearly twice the actual cost of the project. • Bribed Congress to stop the investigation. • Largest scandal in U. S. history, and led to greater public awareness of government corruption.

Whiskey Ring • A group of President Grant’s officials imported whiskey • Used their offices to avoid paying taxes • Cheated US treasury of millions. Salary Grab • Congress gave itself a raise, $5, 000 to $7, 500 annually. • Congressmen received a retroactive check for $5, 000, plus their raise…… • Became a political issue…. Later repealed.

• Assassinated by an upset Spoilsman. • Led to VP Chester Arthur becoming president • Supported a change to the corrupt spoils system. • Signed into the law the Pendleton Act also called the Civil Service Act • Required candidates applying for government positions to a test to determine their qualifications.

v Under the Spoils System (patronage), patronage candidates for political office would offer potential jobs in exchange for votes. – gave supporters access to money and political favors. v During the Gilded Age, the Republicans and Democrats had roughly the same number of supporters. – To keep party members loyal, candidates rewarded supporters and tried to avoid controversial issues. The Republicans appealed to the industrialists, bankers, and eastern farmers. q They favored the gold standard (sound money) money and high tariffs q Blue laws, regulations that prohibited certain activities people considered immoral. q The Democrats qattracted the less privileged groups. qsuch as northern urban immigrants, laborers, southern planters, and western farmers. q. Supported soft money and silver coinage.

President Rutherford Hayes President James A. Garfield v 1880 election, Republicans Elected in 1877 were split into 3 factions. v Reformed the civil service, ü Stalwarts defended the spoils appointing qualified political system—Senator Roscoe Conkling independents instead of giving positions to ü Half-Breeds reform but still supported it– Senator James supporters. Blaine v No Congressional support or ü Independents opposed the from the Republican Party. spoils system. v Hayes did not seek a second v Garfield wanted reforms. His running-mate was Chester term. Arthur, a Stalwart. v July 2, 1881 Garfield was assassinated by a Stalwart who wanted Arthur as president. v

1881: Garfield Assassinated! Charles Guiteau: I Am a Stalwart, and Arthur is President now!

Pendleton Act (1883) § Civil Service Act. § The “Magna Carta” of civil service reform. § 1883 14, 000 out of 117, 000 federal govt. jobs became civil service exam positions. § 1900 100, 000 out of 200, 000 civil service federal govt. jobs.

An economic belief supported by the U. S. that opposes the government regulating business. v. In the late 1800’s businesses operated without much government regulation. This is known as laissez-faire economics. v. Laissez-faire means ‘allow to be’ in French or the government stays out of you business. v. Laissez faire supports our economic system of capitalism

Laissez Faire Federal Govt. § From 1870 -1900 Govt. did very little domestically. § Main duties of the federal govt. : Ø Deliver the mail. Ø Maintain a national military. Ø Collect taxes & tariffs. Ø Conduct a foreign policy. § Exception administer the annual Civil War veterans’ pension.

Economic system characterized by private property ownership v. Individuals and companies compete for their own economic gain (Profit) Profit v. Capitalists determine the prices of goods and services. v. Production and distribution are privately or corporately owned. v. Reinvestment of profits v. Supports laissez faire

Economic system based on cooperation rather than competition v. Believes in government ownership of business and capital v. Government controls production and distribution of goods. v. Opposite of laissez faire and capitalism