A Background Paper on Bangladesh Fisheries Md Ferdous
A Background Paper on Bangladesh Fisheries Md. Ferdous Alam Madan Mohan Dey 1
BANGLADESH q The country is bounded by India in the north and west; by the Bay of Bengal in the south, and finally by part of India and Myanmar in the eastern side. q. The total area of the country is 147, 570 sq km (56, 977 sq. miles). q A wide portion of land is covered by large rivers such as the Padma, the Jamuna, the Teesta, the Meghna, the Brahmaputra, and the Surma. q. There also thousands of tributaries with a total length of about 24, 140 km. These rivers are connected to the Bay of Bengal. 2
FISHERIES RESOURCES 1. 2. 3. Inland Open-waters : (capture fishery) 4047316 ha Inland closed-water : 528390 ha (culture fishery) Total inland area : 4575706 ha Marine water 84. 75% 15. 25% 100. 00% : 166, 000 sq km 3
FISHERIES POTENINTIAL v Fisheries have huge potential v. Have one of the highest man-water ratio in the world (at 20 persons per ha of watet area) v Available sunlight and temperature throughout the year is an added advantage for fish production v Water fertility is conducive to fish growth
FISH AND FISHERIES v Fish and fisheries are an integral part of the life of Bangladeshi v Fish is a natural complement in the diet of Bangladeshi v Fish supplies 58% of animal protein v 13 million people are involved for livelihood v 73% of rural household are involved in freshwater aquaculture and floodplains v Fisheries contribute: 4. 64% to the GDP 23. 00% to agricultural GDP, and 5. 10% to foreign exchange earning 5
INLAND OPEN-WATERS (CAPTURE FISHERY) Environment i. Rivers and Estuaries ii. Sundarban (water resources in forest) iii. Beel (deepest part of the floodplain) iv. Kaptai lake Water Area (ha) 853, 863 (21. 10%) 177, 700 (4. 38%) 114, 161 (2. 82%) 68, 800 v. Floodplain (1. 70%) 2, 832, 792 Total inland open-waters (70. 00%) 4, 047, 316 6
Inland closed-water (culture fishery) Environment i. Ponds and ditches Water Area (ha) 30 5, 205 (57. 76%) II Baor (ox-bow lake for hydro electricity generation) iii. Shrimp Farms (freshwater and Brackish water) Total inland closed-waters 5, 488 (1. 04%) 217, 877 (41. 23%) 528, 390 7
Marine waters Environment Water Area i. Coastal Area 2. 30 million ha ii. Coast line (along the Bay of Bengal) 710 km iii. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) 200 -mile Total Marine Water (including EEZ) 166, 000 sq km 8
Fish Production (2008 -09) Inland capture fisheries i. Rivers and estuaries ii. Sundarban iii. Beel iv. Kaptai lake v. Floodplain Total Inland culture fishery i. Ponds and ditches ii. baor iii. Shrimp/prawn farm Total Marine Fisheries Country Total Production (ton) 138, 160 18, 462 79, 200 8, 590 879, 513 1, 123, 925 (41. 61%) 912, 178 5, 038 145, 585 1, 062, 801 (39. 61%) 514, 644 (19. 05%) Productivity (Kg/ha) 162 104 694 125 310 2991 918 668 2, 701, 370 9
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Fish production from inland culture sources 12
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Fish Production Growth (1983 -84 to 2008 -09) Fishery Exponential growth rate (%) A. Inland capture fishery i. Rivers and estuaries ii. Sundarban iii. Beels iv. Kaptai Lake v. Floodplain 3. 78 -1. 48 4. 64 2. 70 4. 28 6. 34 B. Inland culture Fishery i. Ponds ii. Baor iii. Shrimp farms C. Marine Fishery i. Industrial fishery ii. Artisanal Total (all fisheries) 9. 69 9. 63 7. 48 10. 37 4. 34 4. 59 4. 28 5. 61 Rank 9 5 8 7 4 2 3 1 6 7 15
Fish Biodiversity q There are 300 species of fish and 20 species of prawns in Bangladesh. q The most common species is ilish (national fish) q 60 native and 13 exotic species of fish and 20 species of shrimp in inland freshwaters. q The major and minor indigenous carps are (katla, rohu, mrigel and kalbasu) and (bata, reba, nandin and gonia). q Introduced exotic species are silver carps, grass carp, bighead carp, black carp, common carp, silver barb, Tilapia and Mahseer q Indigenous carps (Rohu, Catla and Mrigal) and one exotic carp (silver carp) accounts for about 74% of pond production. q Other major cultures species in Bangladesh include the grass carp, common carp, tilapia and Pangas. 16
Threat to Biodiversity q Number of freshwater species is declining at an alarming rate with some species, in recent years, having become extinct. q According to the Red Book figure, about 54 freshwater species are critically or somewhat endangered in the country. Among them 14 species are listed as critically endangered; 27 as endangered and 14 s vulnerable (IUCN, 2000). q Overfishing, rapid extraction of fish seed and broodstock, destructive and unregulated fishing practices, pollution, introduction of exotic species, loss of aquatic habitat due to siltation, dam construction, and other anthropogenic activities have been the major causes of fish species loss. 17
Intensity of technology use Technology Intensity Technollogy Intensity Mixed culture of carps IE, SI Sorpunti culture IE Integrated Fish Culture IE, SI Pangas culture IE Composite culture of IE, SI carps and freshwater prawn Galda IE Culture of Tilapia IE, SI Bagda E, SI Culture of Exotic magur IE, SI, I Fish culture in cages SI, I Fish cultutre in Pen IE 18
Processing and export q No. of Fish processing plant: 133 q Most of them are in Khulna and Chittagong q Capacity far outstrips supply (18 -20% capacity utilization) q Product sale comprises 72% unprocessed (frozen whole) product, 24% prepared/preserved and 4% other products (frozen freshwater fish) q Main markets are USA (40%), EU (UK, Netherland, Belgium, q Germany) 39% q Demand is strong for Bagda and Golda q Freshwater fish are exported for expatriate Bangladeshi communities 19
Fisheries Export Year Total export (tons) 1999 -00 2000 -01 2001 -02 2002 -03 2003 -04 2004 -05 2005 -06 2006 -07 2007 -08 2008 -09 39391 38988 41482 47371 54141 63377 68829 73704 75299 72888 Total value (Million Taka) 18115. 6 20327. 5 16371. 4 19415. 9 23634. 7 25712. 2 30298. 4 33528. 9 33962. 8 32434. 1 % of total export earning 6. 28 5. 77 4. 76 5. 10 5. 71 5. 90 4. 56 4. 90 4. 04 3. 00 20
Fisheries Export Trend 21
Export of fish and fish products Export items Frozen shrimp/prawn Live fish Frozen fish Dryfish Salted &dehydrated fish Turtle/Tortoise, crab & eel Shark fin and Fish Maws Others All items Qty (ton) % of total 50368 69. 103 0. 000 19294 26. 471 341 0. 468 84 0. 115 1217 1. 670 276 0. 379 1308 1. 795 72888. 3 100. 000 2008 -09
A Generalized Marketing Channel PRIMARY MARKET Collection center/rural market within the fishing area. Operated by collectors SECONDARY MARKET First landing and distribution center near thana headquarters or vital communication points. Market operated by commission agents called aratdars HIGHER SECONDARY MARKET Second landing & distribution center in cities/towns. Operated by commission agents called aratdars FINAL CONSUMING MARKET Retail marketing. Paikars sell to retailers Sub-urban Urban retailing Rural retailing 23
Domestic Marketing Channel (Public sector) BFDC Brokers Beparies` Aratdars Retailers Consumers 24
Market Channel and Share (culture fish) Fish Farmer Nikari 82. 85% 10% Home Consumption 7. 15% Bepari 75. 6% Aratdar 75. 6% Paiker/ Retailer 92. 85% Consumer 25
Marketing profit of frozen and dryfish (Taka/Kg) Markets Major frozen species Minor frozen species Primary 9. 43 6. 56 Secondary 3. 14 4. 06 Consumer 13. 53 8. 49 All market 26. 10 19. 13 Processing plants for frozen /dry species 98. 94 / 90. 12 Ahmed (2009) showed that total marketing margin of tilapia is 31%: 5% (primary market), (15%) secondary market and (11%) retail market 26
Producer’s share to consumer price Author Producer share(%) Species types Rahman (2009) 40 -45 Freshwater Fish Khan (1995) 45. 60 , 83. 44 Freshwater Fish Islam (1997) 59. 63, 65. 11 shrimp Mia (1996) 56 Marine fish Ahmed (1983) 51 -63 60 -63 Freshwater and marine species Marine species Ahmed (2007) 55 Hilsha Ahmed (2009) 69 Tilapia 27
Data availability Fisheries data are generated mainly by three organizations: 1. Department of Fisheries : This publication provides details of production statistics by fisheries resources, species, districts, upazilas and export statistics of fish and fish products. Unfortunately, the publication does not provide any information of fish prices. 2. Department of Agricultural Marketing : DAM maintains retail prices, wholesale prices and growers prices of different markets under upazillas and districts of different divisions. 3. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics : BBS produces annual price statistics of some selected fish species in its annual publications, Yearbook of Statistics and Statistical Pocket Book of Bangladesh. 28
Market/marketing Review of Studies • • • Marketing studies of crops are plenty Fish marketing studies are very scanty Most fish marketing studies are conducted in BAU Most studies relate to kind of price spread and marketing margin Few market integration studies exist that are methodologically very shallow (correlation approach) Most studies are done with limited sample No representative structure-conduct-performance type study exists Supply chain, value chain and price spread type studies are confusing No existence of studies related to price transmission and price linkage across different market levels 29
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