A 1 Basic First Aid This workshop aims

A 1. Basic First Aid This workshop aims to empower youth members to perform duties as First Aiders at schools, through learning knowledge of basic First Aid and handling techniques.

紅十字與急救 Red Cross & First Aid

Applications of RC emblem The Red Cross on white background is a symbol which represents the Red Cross movement and serves as a protection symbol in times of conflicts. Abuse of the emblem could lead to prosecution. In comparison, the Universal First Aid symbol comprises of a white cross superimposed on a green background.

What is First Aid? • First aid is the assistance given to a person suffering a sudden illness or injury before professional medical help arrives. First Aiders should utilise manpower and resources available at scene to provide assistance complying with basic medical principles.

急救目的 Purposes of First Aid • 維持生命 • To preserve Life • 防止傷勢或病情惡化 • To Prevent the condition from worsening • 促進復原 • To promote recovery

急救程序(初步檢查) (D R A B C D E) • Danger—個人安全 Personal Safety – 確保自己、傷病者及途人的安全 – 避免感染疾病 – Ensure the safety of yourself, the patient and passers-by – Prevent infections of contagious diseases • Response—傷病者的反應 • Patient's response to stimulus

DRABCDE Open the airway by placing one hand onto the patient's forehead and Lifting the chin with two fingers • Airway—氣道 – 打開氣道 Open the airway • Breathing—呼吸 – 以視、聽、觸之方法檢查傷病者是否仍有呼吸（不 Spend no more than 10 seconds checking if the casualty is breathing. 多於 10秒） Look to see if the chest is rising and falling. for breathing • Circulation—血壓循環 Listen Feel for breath against your cheek - 檢查血液循環徵象 Check for signs of circulation - 制止嚴重出血 Stop severe bleeding

DRABCDE • Disability—失去能力Ability lost – 檢查傷病者的清醒程度 – Check the consciousness of the casualty • Expose—展露傷病者之傷勢 – 展露傷病者之受傷部位以接受進一步評估和治療 – Expose injured area for further assessment and treatment

生 命 表 徵 Vital Signs 成人Adult (8歲以上) (>= 8 years) 體溫 Body Temperature 脈搏 (每分鐘) Pulse (per minute) 呼吸 (每分鐘) 兒童 child (1 -8 years) 36. 2℃ 37. 5℃ ( 97. 2℉ 99. 5℉) 60 100 80 120 140 12 20 16 30 20 40 Respiration (per minute) 皮膚狀況 skin condition 嬰兒 Infant (0 -12 months) 溫暖、乾、紅潤 Warm, dry, rosy

檢查橈動脈 Checking of Radial artery • 在正常情況下Under normal conditions – 成人的脈搏每分鐘 60 – 100 次 – Adult 60 -100 pulses per minutes – 兒童的脈搏每分鐘 80 – 120 次 – Child 80 -120 pulses per minutes

急救優先次序 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 窒息 Airway blockage 人事不省Unconsciousness 大量出血 Major blood loss 燒傷、燙傷 Burn, Scald 骨折 Fracture

Calling an Ambulance • Dial '999' in the territory of Hong Kong Or call the Fire Services Communication Centre at '27353355' • Or International distress call '112' • Dial '120' in the territory of China

Information you need to provide • Types and nature of accidents and how it happened • Assistance required • Detailed location(Or lamp post number). • Brief description of the patient's condition (Age, Sex, History, Signs, Symptoms, severity of injury and number of people involved. ) • Contact number and your name.

Types of Wounds • Incision • Abrasion • laceration • Contusion Others: Stab, firearm wound, bites, sting, explosion

Functions of Gauze • Functions of Gauze: Absorb blood and bodily fluids Cover and protect the wound Prevent bacterial infections Help with haemostasis

Wound Care • Let the patient sit down or lie down • Expose the wound the check if there are foreign materials • Use a generous amount of water（tap water) to clean the wound. • Wear protective gloves; cover the wound with gauze; apply direct pressure on it to control bleeding. • Bandage up the wound • Check distal circulations • Prevent or treat for shock.

Haemostasis – Direct Pressure If possible, wear gloves Application of direct pressure on the wound should be the first thing to do when attempting to stop bleeding because it is: –Fast、 –Effective –And Simple。 Apply CONSISTENT force on the area of bleeding.

Treatment for Nosebleed • • • Let the patient sit up straight with the heading slightly tipping forward. Cool the front head with ice pack Firmly pinch the soft part of the nasal bridge Instruct the patient to breathe with mouth If it is still bleeding, hold it for 10 more minutes. If it is still bleeding, repeat the procedure. If the bleeding does not stop in 30 minutes, hospitalise the patient.

Syncope is the temporary loss of consciousness usually as a result of transient reduction in blood flow into the brain or reduction in blood oxygen. Depending on the cause, the condition usually lasts for a few minutes and the patient can be fully recovered. Causes： Fear, bad news, emotional upset, pain, unpleasant experiences Lack of movement for a long time. E. g. sitting or standing still for a long time, causing blood to accumulate in the lower limbs. Physical exertion, fatigue, hunger Too heavy or too tight clothing (hot weather, alcohol consumption and anaemia would increase the risk of developing syncope)

Treatment for syncope • Preliminary examination(D. R. A. B. C. D. E) • Let the patient sit or lie down • Loosen clothes that are too tight • Encourage the patient to take deep breaths • Improve ventilation of the environment • If an underlying cause is implicated, hospitalise the patient immediately

Burn and Scald • Types – Burns: Caused by fire, hot objects, rubbing, etc. – Scalds: Caused by boiling water, steam and boiling oil, etc.

Treatment for mild burns • Rinse the wound with running water（e. g. tap water）until it hurts less • Dry up the burnt area with gentle wipes and cover it with a piece of gauze • Avoid collisions

Don't Puncture a blister Remove adhering clothes Apply or give any medicines Cool the wound with ice over-cool the patient

Common First-aid Materials Disposable gloves Used to protect first-aiders from bacterial or viral infections Adhesive bandage Used to protect mild wounds Sterile gauze Used to protect wounds, prevent infections, absorb secretions and help stop bleeding. Elastic bandage Used to stabilise gauze, stabilise wounded body parts and reduce swelling Tape (micropore) Used to fix gauzes or bandages Normal Saline Used to rinse eyes and wounds

Mini Quiz 1 • What are the purposes of first aid? To preserve life, prevent the condition from worsening and promote recovery

小測驗-2 • DRABCDE代表什麼？ Danger 個人安全 Response 傷病者反應 Airway 氣道 Breathing 呼吸 Circulation 血液循環 Disability 失去能力 Expose 展開傷病者之傷勢

Mini Quiz 2 • What does DRABCDE stand for? Danger 個人安全 Response 傷病者反應 Airway 氣道 Breathing 呼吸 Circulation 血液循環 Disability 失去能力 Expose 展開傷病者之傷勢

Mini Quiz 3 • What is the normal range of resting respiratory rate for adults? Adult Child Baby (>= 8 years old) (1 -8 years old) (<1 year old) 12 - 20 16 - 30 20 - 40 Breaths (per minute)

Mini Quiz 4 • What are the functions of gauze? Absorb blood and bodily fluids Cover and protect the wound Prevent infections Help stop bleeding

Mini Quiz 5 • What are the 3 advantages of haemostasis by application of direct pressure? Application of direct pressure on the wound should be the first thing to do when attempting to stop bleeding because it is: – Fast、 – Effective and – Simple Apply CONSISTENT force on the area of bleeding.

Mini Quiz? • What should you do when someone has a syncope? – Preliminary examination (D. R. A. B. C. D. E) – Let the patient sit or lie down – Loosen tight clothes – Encourage the patient to take deep breaths – Improve ventilation of the environment – If an underlying cause is implicated, hospitalise the patient immediately

Mini Quiz 7 • How do we treat for mild burns? Rinse the wound with running water (e. g. tap water) until it hurts less Dry up the burnt area with gentle wipes Avoid collisions