9 JointProcess Costing Mc GrawHillIrwin Copyright 2008 by
9 Joint-Process Costing Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2008 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
2 Joint Product Processes A number of products are produced from a single raw material input. Product 1 Single Input Product 2 Product 3
3 Joint Product Processes Concept: in some industries, a number of products are produced from a single raw material input. Key terms: l Joint products – products resulting from a process with a common input. l Split-off point – the stage of processing where joint products are separated. l Joint costs – costs of processing joint products prior to the split-off point. l Final product – ready for sale without further processing. l Intermediate product – requires further processing before sale.
4 Joint Product Processes Consider the following example of an oil refinery. We will assume only two products, gasoline and oil.
5 Joint Product Processes Final products Intermediate products Joint Costs Joint Input Oil Common Production Process Final Sale Separate Processing Costs Gasoline Split-Off Point Separate Processing Costs Final Sale
6 Learning Objective 1
7 The Decision Challenge: Which Joint Products to Produce Identify final products possible from the joint process. Forecast the sales price of each final product. The usual objective in the production of joint products is to maximize profits. Choose the set of products with the overall maximum profit. Estimate costs to further process joint products into final products.
8 Learning Objective 2
9 Decision to Sell Products at Split Off or Process Them Further l Joint product costs incurred prior to the split-off point are sunk costs — not affected by a decision to process further after the split-off point. l A product should be processed beyond the splitoff point only if if the incremental revenue exceeds the incremental processing costs. Value is added only if the incremental value from processing exceeds the incremental processing costs.
10 Decision to Sell Products at Split Off or Process Them Further l Sawmill, Inc. cuts logs from which unfinished lumber and wood chips are the joint products. l Unfinished lumber is sold “as is” or processed further into finished lumber. l Wood chips can also be sold “as is” for landscaping or processed further into 4 × 8 composition boards.
11 Decision to Sell Products at Split Off or Process Them Further Data about Sawmill’s joint products includes:
12 Decision to Sell Products at Split Off or Process Them Further
13 Decision to Sell Products at Split Off or Process Them Further Should we process the lumber further and sell the wood chips “as is? ”
14 Learning Objective 3
15 Reasons for Allocating Joint Costs To measure performance based on earnings To value inventory for financial statements To estimate casualty losses To determine and respond to rate regulation To specify and resolve contractual interests and obligations
16 Learning Objective 4
17 Joint Cost Allocation Methods Physical measure method Monetary measure method Joint costs are allocated based on a proportional measure (weight, volume, etc. ) of the joint products at the split-off point. Joint costs are allocated based on the relative values of the products at the split-off point.
18 Allocating Joint Costs Al a c o l n tio Joint costs All oc ati on If we allocate the joint costs of raising an animal to the two products based on weight, which product would receive the largest cost allocation? Hamburger, because there is more of it.
19 Allocating Joint Costs Al a c o l n tio Joint costs All oc ati on If we allocate the joint costs of raising the animal to the two products based on sales value, would the steak receive a greater portion of the cost allocation? Yes, steak has a higher sales value than hamburger.
20 Joint Cost Allocation Methods Let’s look at an example illustrating the joint cost allocation methods.
21 Monetary Measure Method Net Realizable Value If products require further processing beyond the split-off point before they are marketable, it may be necessary to estimate the net realizable value (NRV) at the split-off point. NRV = Final Sales Value – Added Processing Costs
22 Monetary Measure Method Net Realizable Value Joint costs Joint input Intermediate products Oil Common production process Separate processing Final sale Separate processing costs Gasoline Split-off point Final products Separate processing costs Final sale
23 Monetary Measure Method Net Realizable Value Joint conversion cost = $225, 000 Joint material cost = $275, 000 Oil Separate Processing Costs $200, 000 Common production process Gasoline Split-off point Separate processing Sales value $500, 000 Sales Separate value processing $1, 200, 000 Separate processing costs $500, 000
24 Monetary Measure Method Net Realizable Value
25 Monetary Measure Method Net Realizable Value
26 Monetary Measure Method Net Realizable Value
27 Monetary Measure Method Net Realizable Value
28 Monetary Measure Method Net Realizable Value
29 Monetary Measure Method Net Realizable Value The net realizable value method results in equal gross margin percentages for all products.
30 Physical Measure Method The physical measure method may be used when Output product prices are highly volatile. Many additional processes occur between the split-off point and the first point of marketability. Market prices are unavailable for products provided via cost-plus contracts.
31 Physical Measure Method Joint costs Joint input Oil 240, 000 gallons Gasoline 360, 000 gallons Common production process Split-off point
32 Physical Measure Method Joint conversion cost = $225, 000 Joint material cost = $275, 000 Oil 240, 000 gallons Gasoline 360, 000 gallons Common production process Split-off point
33 Physical Measure Method
34 Physical Measure Method
35 Physical Measure Method $275, 000 joint material cost plus $225, 000 joint conversion cost
36 Choosing Among Joint Cost Allocation Methods Joint costs are truly common costs. Which joint cost allocation method should we use? We get a different result with each method. It is impossible to separate the portion of joint costs attributable to one product on a cause and effect basis.
37 Choosing Among Joint Cost Allocation Methods That makes the choice of methods somewhat arbitrary. Regardless of the method we choose, we really need to be careful using allocated costs for decision-making purposes.
38 Choosing Among Joint Cost Allocation Methods Choose the joint-cost allocation method that maximizes regulated profits or cost reimbursements. Do not base product or service production decisions on joint margins (I. e. , after joint-cost allocation) unless the choice is in response to regulatory opportunities. Clearly define how to allocate joint costs in contractual agreements among parties that share outputs and joint costs of joint processes.
39 Learning Objective 5
40 What Are By-Products? They are incidental to a production process. Examples Lumber production: wood chips Fertilizer production: methane gas Their sales value is minimal. Do not allocate joint costs to by-products
Accounting for By-Products Two commonly used methods of accounting for by-products are. . . Realized Value Approach 1 By-product NRV is treated as other revenue. Net Realizable Value Approach By-product NRV is deducted from joint production costs before allocation. 2 41
42 Accounting for By-Products Joint costs Joint input Common production process Major product By-products Split-off point Relatively low value or quantity when compared to major products
43 Accounting for By-Products Joint conversion cost = $50, 000 Joint material cost = $50, 000 Common production process Major product Sales value $100, 000 Major product Sales value $70, 000 By-products Split-off point Separate processing costs $400 Sales value $1, 500
44 Accounting for By-Products Major product revenue = $100, 000 + $70, 000
45 Accounting for By-Products By-product NRV = $1, 500 – $400 = $1, 100
46 Accounting for By-Products Joint production costs = $50, 000 material + $50, 000 conversion
47 Accounting for By-Products
48 By-Products: Some Complications l The preceding example assumes the byproduct has been sold. l If the by-product is unsold. . . l l Using method 2, the $1, 100 by-product NRV is deducted from finished goods inventory or work-in-process inventory if unfinished. Using method 1, the $1, 100 by-product NRV is placed in a by-product inventory account.
49 Disposal of Scrap or Waste l Waste is a by-product with negative NRV. (Cost of disposal exceeds sales value) l Waste is disposed of at minimum cost. l Waste disposal cost is charged to manufacturing overhead and applied to other products as part of the manufacturing overhead allocation process.
50 Learning Objective 6
51 Allocation of Joint Costs – Other Economic Value Methods l l In addition to net realizable value Relative sales value at split-off l l Further processing costs not considered Constant gross margin percentage l l Use total sales value of all products Compute overall gross margin for process Set the same gross margin for all products Allocate joint costs so as to achieve that uniform gross margin
52 End of Chapter 9
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