8085 PROCESSOR UNIT I Mr S VINOD ASSISTANT

8085 PROCESSOR UNIT I Mr. S. VINOD ASSISTANT PROFESSOR EEE DEPARTMENT

8085 PROCESSOR --Functional block diagram --Signals --Memory interfacing --I/O ports and data transfer concepts --Timing Diagram --Interrupt structure.

Pin detail of 8085

The 8085 Microprocessor Architecture • The 8085 is an 8 -bit general purpose microprocessor that can address 64 K Byte of memory. • It has 40 pins and uses +5 V for power. It can run at a maximum frequency of 3 MHz. – The pins on the chip can be grouped into 6 groups: • Address Bus. • Data Bus. • Control and Status Signals. • Power supply and frequency. • Externally Initiated Signals. • Serial I/O ports.

The Address and Data Busses • The address bus has 8 signal lines A 8 – A 15 which are unidirectional. • The other 8 address bits are multiplexed (time shared) with the 8 data bits. – So, the bits AD 0 – AD 7 are bi-directional and serve as A 0 – A 7 and D 0 – D 7 at the same time. • During the execution of the instruction, these lines carry the address bits during the early part, then during the late parts of the execution, they carry the 8 data bits. – In order to separate the address from the data, we can use a latch to save the value before the function of the bits changes.

The Control and Status Signals • There are 4 main control and status signals. These are: • ALE: Address Latch Enable. This signal is a pulse that become 1 when the AD 0 – AD 7 lines have an address on them. It becomes 0 after that. This signal can be used to enable a latch to save the address bits from the AD lines. • RD: Read. Active low. • WR: Write. Active low. • IO/M: This signal specifies whether the operation is a memory operation (IO/M=0) or an I/O operation (IO/M=1). • S 1 and S 0 : Status signals to specify the kind of operation being performed. Usually un-used in small systems.

Frequency Control Signals • There are 3 important pins in the frequency control group. – X 0 and X 1 are the inputs from the crystal or clock generating circuit. • The frequency is internally divided by 2. – So, to run the microprocessor at 3 MHz, a clock running at 6 MHz should be connected to the X 0 and X 1 pins. – CLK (OUT): An output clock pin to drive the clock of the rest of the system. • We will discuss the rest of the control signals as we get to them.

The ALU • In addition to the arithmetic & logic circuits, the ALU includes the accumulator, which is part of every arithmetic & logic operation. • Also, the ALU includes a temporary register used for holding data temporarily during the execution of the operation. This temporary register is not accessible by the programmer.

The Flags register – There is also the flags register whose bits are affected by the arithmetic & logic operations. • S-sign flag – The sign flag is set if bit D 7 of the accumulator is set after an arithmetic or logic operation. • Z-zero flag – Set if the result of the ALU operation is 0. Otherwise is reset. This flag is affected by operations on the accumulator as well as other registers. (DCR B). • AC-Auxiliary Carry – This flag is set when a carry is generated from bit D 3 and passed to D 4 . This flag is used only internally for BCD operations. (Section 10. 5 describes BCD addition including the DAA instruction). • P-Parity flag – After an ALU operation if the result has an even # of 1’s the p-flag is set. Otherwise it is cleared. So, the flag can be used to indicate even parity. • CY-carry flag – Discussed earlier

8085 Instruction Set

8085 Instruction Set The 8085 instructions can be classified as follows: § Data transfer operations • Between registers • Between memory location and a register • Direct write to a register / memory • Between I/O device and accumulator § Arithmetic operations (ADD, SUB, INR, DCR) § Logic operations § Branching operations (JMP, CALL, RET) 12

Simple Data Transfer Operations Examples: § MOV B, A § MOV C, D § MVI D, 47 47 4 A 16 47 From ACC to REG Between two REGs Direct-write into REG D 16

Simple Data Transfer Operations Example: § OUT 05 D 3 05 Contents of ACC sent to output port number 05. 17

Simple Memory Access Operations 18

Simple Memory Access Operations 19

Arithmetic Operations 20

Arithmetic Operations 21

Arithmetic Operations 22

Arithmetic Operations 23

Overview of Logic Operations 24

Logic Operations 25

Logic Operations 26

Logic Operations 27

Branching Operations Note: This is an unconditional jump operation. It will always force the program counter to a fixed memory address continuous loop ! 28

Branching Operations Conditional jump operations are very useful for decision making during the execution of the program. 29

Data transfer operation • • LHLD SHLD LXI LDAX STAX XCHG XTHL Load H & L Registers Directly from Memory Store H & L Registers Directly in Memory Load Register Pair with Immediate data Load Accumulator from Address in Register Pair Store Accumulator in Address in Register Pair Exchange H & L with D & E Exchange Top of Stack with H & L

Arithmetic Operations • • ADC Add to Accumulator Using Carry Flag ACI Add Immediate data to Accumulator Using Carry SBB Subtract from Accumulator Using Borrow (Carry) Flag SBI Subtract Immediate from Accumulator Using Borrow (Carry) Flag INX Increment Register Pair by One DCX Decrement Register Pair by One DAD Double Register Add; Add Content of Register Pair to H & L Register Pair

Logic Operations The Compare instructions compare the content of an 8 -bit value with the contents of the accumulator • CMP Compare • CPI Compare Using Immediate Data The rotate instructions shift the contents of the accumulator one bit position to the left or right: • RLC Rotate Accumulator Left • RRC Rotate Accumulator Right • RAL Rotate Left Through Carry • RAR Rotate Right Through Carry Complement and carry flag instructions: • CMA Complement Accumulator • CMC Complement Carry Flag • STC Set Carry Flag

Branching Operations the conditional branching instructions are specified as follows: Jumps Calls Returns C CC RC (Carry) INC CNC RNC (No Carry) JZ CZ RZ (Zero) JNZ CNZ RNZ (Not Zero) JP CP RP (Plus) JM CM RM (Minus) JPE CPE RPE (Parity Even) JP 0 CPO RPO (Parity Odd) Two other instructions can affect a branch by replacing the contents or the program counter: PCHL Move H & L to Program Counter RST Special Restart Instruction Used with Interrupts

Stack I/O and Machine Control Instructions The following instructions affect the Stack and/or Stack Pointer: PUSH Push Two bytes of Data onto the Stack POP Pop Two Bytes of Data off the Stack XTHL Exchange Top of Stack with H & L SPHL Move content of H & L to Stack Pointer The Machine Control instructions are as follows: EI Enable Interrupt System DI Disable Interrupt System HLT Halt NOP No Operation

TIMING DIAGRAM Timing Diagram is a graphical representation. It represents the execution time taken by each instruction in a graphical format. The execution time is represented in T-states. Instruction Cycle: The time required to execute an instruction is called instruction cycle. Machine Cycle: The time required to access the memory or input/output devices is called machine cycle. T-State: The machine cycle and instruction cycle takes multiple clock periods. A portion of an operation carried out in one system clock period is called as T-state.

MACHINE CYCLES OF 8085 The 8085 microprocessor has 5 (seven) basic machine cycles. • Opcode fetch cycle (4 T) • Memory read cycle (3 T) • Memory write cycle (3 T) • I/O read cycle (3 T) • I/O write cycle (3 T)

Opcode fetch cycle (4 T)

Memory Read Machine Cycle

Memory Write Machine Cycle • • The memory write machine cycle is executed by the processor to write a data byte in a memory location. The processor takes, 3 T states to execute this machine cycle.

I/O Write Cycle • • The I/O write machine cycle is executed by the processor to write a data byte in the I/O port or to a peripheral, which is I/O, mapped in the system. The processor takes, 3 T states to execute this machine cycle

Timing diagram for STA 526 AH • STA means Store Accumulator -The contents of the accumulator is stored in the specified address(526 A). • The opcode of the STA instruction is said to be 32 H. It is fetched from the memory 41 FFH(see fig). - OF machine cycle • Then the lower order memory address is read(6 A). - Memory Read Machine Cycle • Read the higher order memory address (52). - Memory Read Machine Cycle • The combination of both the addresses are considered and the content from accumulator is written in 526 A. - Memory Write Machine Cycle • Assume the memory address for the instruction and let the content of accumulator is C 7 H. So, C 7 H from accumulator is now stored in 526 A.

Timing diagram for IN C 0 H • • Fetching the Opcode DBH from the memory 4125 H. Read the port address C 0 H from 4126 H. Read the content of port C 0 H and send it to the accumulator. Let the content of port is 5 EH.

INTERRUPT STRUCTURE • Interrupt is signals send by an external device to the processor, to request the processor to perform a particular task or work. • Mainly in the microprocessor based system the interrupts are used for data transfer between the peripheral and the microprocessor. • The processor will check the interrupts always at the 2 nd T-state of last machine cycle. • If there is any interrupt it accept the interrupt and send the INTA (active low) signal to the peripheral. • The vectored address of particular interrupt is stored in program counter. • The processor executes an interrupt service routine (ISR) addressed in program counter. • It returned to main program by RET instruction.

TYPES OF INTERRUPTS: It supports two types of interrupts. • Hardware • Software interrupts: • The software interrupts are program instructions. These instructions are inserted at desired locations in a program. • The 8085 has eight software interrupts from RST 0 to RST 7. The vector address for these interrupts can be calculated as follows. Interrupt number * 8 = vector address For RST 5 5 * 8 = 40 = 28 H Vector address for interrupt RST 5 is 0028 H

HARDWARE INTERRUPTS: • An external device initiates the hardware interrupts and placing an appropriate signal at the interrupt pin of the processor. • If the interrupt is accepted then the processor executes an interrupt service routine. • The 8085 has five hardware interrupts (1) TRAP (2) RST 7. 5 (3) RST 6. 5 (4) RST 5. 5 (5) INTR

TRAP • This interrupt is a non-maskable interrupt. It is unaffected by any mask or interrupt enable. • TRAP is the highest priority and vectored interrupt. • TRAP interrupt is edge and level triggered. This means hat the TRAP must go high and remain high until it is acknowledged. • In sudden power failure, it executes a ISR and send the data from main memory to backup memory. • The signal, which overrides the TRAP, is HOLD signal. (i. e. , If the processor receives HOLD and TRAP at the same time then HOLD is recognized first and then TRAP is recognized). • There are two ways to clear TRAP interrupt. 1. By resetting microprocessor (External signal) 2. By giving a high TRAP ACKNOWLEDGE (Internal signal)

RST 7. 5 • The RST 7. 5 interrupt is a maskable interrupt. • It has the second highest priority. • It is edge sensitive. ie. Input goes to high and no need to maintain high state until it recognized. • Maskable interrupt. It is disabled by, 1. DI instruction 2. System or processor reset. 3. After reorganization of interrupt.

RST 6. 5 and 5. 5 • The RST 6. 5 and RST 5. 5 both are level triggered. • ie. Input goes to high and stay high until it recognized. • Maskable interrupt. It is disabled by, 1. DI, SIM instruction 2. System or processor reset. 3. After reorganization of interrupt. • Enabled by EI instruction. • The RST 6. 5 has the third priority whereas RST 5. 5 has the fourth priority.

INTR • INTR is a maskable interrupt. It is disabled by, 1. DI, SIM instruction 2. System or processor reset. 3. After reorganization of interrupt. Enabled by EI instruction. • Non- vectored interrupt. After receiving INTA (active low) signal, it has to supply the address of ISR. • It has lowest priority. • It is a level sensitive interrupts. ie. Input goes to high and it is necessary to maintain high state until it recognized. • The following sequence of events occurs when INTR signal goes high. • 1. The 8085 checks the status of INTR signal during execution of each instruction. • 2. If INTR signal is high, then 8085 complete its current instruction and sends active low interrupt acknowledge signal, if the interrupt is enabled • 3. In response to the acknowledge signal, external logic places an instruction OPCODE on the data bus. In the case of multibyte instruction, additional interrupt acknowledge machine cycles are generated by the 8085 to transfer the additional bytes into the microprocessor. • 4. On receiving the instruction, the 8085 save the address of next instruction on stack and execute received instruction.

NAME: ADDRESS: RST 0 00 H RST 1 08 H RST 2 10 H RST 3 18 H RST 4 20 H TRAP 24 H RST 5 28 H REST 5. 5 2 CH RST 6 30 H RST 6. 5 34 H RST 7 38 H RST 7. 5 3 CH

SIM and RIM for interrupts • The 8085 provide additional masking facility for RST 7. 5, RST 6. 5 and RST 5. 5 using SIM instruction. • The status of these interrupts can be read by executing RIM instruction. • The masking or unmasking of RST 7. 5, RST 6. 5 and RST 5. 5 interrupts can be performed by moving an 8 -bit data to accumulator and then executing SIM instruction. • The format of the 8 -bit data is shown below

• • The status of pending interrupts can be read from accumulator after executing RIM instruction. When RIM instruction is executed an 8 -bit data is loaded in accumulator, which can be interpreted as shown in fig.

MEMORY INTERFACING WITH 8085 • The memory is made up of semiconductor material used to store the programs and data. Three types of memory are – Process memory – Primary or main memory – Secondary memory • A typical semiconductor memory IC will have n address pins, m data pins (or output pins). • Having two power supply pins- one for connecting required supply voltage Vcc and the other for connecting ground. • The control signals needed for static RAM are chip select (chip enable), read control (output enable) and write control (write enable). • The control signals needed for read operation in EPROM are chip select (chip enable) and read control (output enable).

RAM, EPROM

Interfacing EPROM 27512 • • The memory capacity is 64 Kbytes. i. e 2^n = 64 x 1000 bytes where n = address lines. So, n = 16. In this system the entire 16 address lines of the processor are connected to address input pins of memory IC in order to address the internal locations of memory. • The chip select (CS) pin of EPROM is permanently tied to logic low (i. e. , tied to ground). • Since the processor is connected to EPROM, the active low RD pin is connected to active low output enable pin of EPROM. • The range of address for EPROM is 0000 H to FFFFH.

Interface the EPROM and RAM • • 64 kb memory space is equally divided between EPROM and RAM. Implement 32 kb memory capacity of EPROM usingle IC 27256. 32 kb RAM capacity is implemented usingle IC 62256. The 32 kb memory requires 15 address lines and so the address lines A 0 - A 14 of the processor are connected to 15 address pins of both EPROM and RAM. • The unused address line A 15 is used as to chip select. If A 15 is 1, it select RAM and If A 15 is 0, it select EPROM. • RD and WR pins of processor are connected to low WE and OE pins of memory respectively. • The address range of EPROM will be 0000 H to 7 FFFH and that of RAM will be 8000 H to FFFFH.

DECODER • It is used to increase memory chip to processor. IC's used for decoder is, • 2 -4 decoder (74 LS 139) • 3 -8 decoder (74 LS 138)

32 kb memory space is implemented using four numbers of 8 kb memory • The total memory capacity is 32 Kb. So, let two number of 8 kb n memory be EPROM and the remaining two numbers be RAM. • Each 8 kb memory requires 13 address lines and so the address lines A 0 - A 12 of the processor are connected to 13 address pins of all the memory. • The address lines and A 13 - A 14 can be decoded using a 2 -to -4 decoder to generate four chip select signals. • These four chip select signals can be used to select one of the four memory IC at any one time. • The address line A 15 is used as enable for decoder.

Interfacing 16 Kb EPROM and 16 Kb RAM with 8085

Address Allotted to each memory IC

64 kb memory space by eight numbers of 8 kb memory • The total memory capacity is 64 Kb. So, let 3 numbers of 8 Kb EPROM and 5 numbers of 8 Kb RAM. • Each 8 kb memory requires 13 address lines. So the address line A 0 - A 12 of the processor are connected to 13 address pins of all the memory ICs. • The address lines A 13, A 14 and A 15 are decoded using a 3 -to -8 coder to generate eight chip select signals. These eight chip select signals can be used to select one of the eight memories at any one time.