8 TH GRADE SCIENCE FCAT STUDY GUIDE VOCABULARY

8 TH GRADE SCIENCE FCAT STUDY GUIDE

VOCABULARY • Adaptation – a characteristic of an organism that increases its chance of survival in its environment • Community – Population of different species of organisms living together in the same geographic area • Complete metamorphosis – type of insect development characterized by the presence of a larval stage with different feeding habits • Conclusion – a statement that tells what an investigation showed, based on observations and data • Condensation – the process of changing from a gas (water vapor) to a liquid; a stage of the water cycle • Conduct – to transmit heat, sound, or electricity through a medium

VOCABULARY • Solar System – a star and the planets and other space objects that revolve around it • Planet – a large, round body that revolves around a star • Dwarf Planet – nearly round bodies whose orbits cross the orbits of other bodies • Asteroids – rock and iron objects that orbit the sun • Comet – a chunk of frozen gasses, rock, ice and dust • Astronomy – the study of objects in space and their characteristics

VOCABULARY • Stars – huge balls of hot, glowing gasses that produce their own heat and light • Galaxy – a group of billions of stars, the objects that orbit the stars, gas, and dust • Universe – everything that exists, literally

TYPES OF GALAXIES SPIRAL GALAXIES • A rotating disk of young stars, gas, and dust and a central bulge made of larger stars BARRED SPIRAL GALAXIES May have two or more spiral arms. They have young stars at the center. IRREGULAR GALAXIES • They have no particular shape. The stars are randomly scattered. There is lots of gas and dust to form new stars. 20% of galaxies are irregular. ELLIPTICAL GALAXIES • Brightest at the center, make up 60% of galaxies in the universe they can be shaped like a perfect sphere or a flattened globe.

VOCABULARY • Water Cycle – the process that moves water between the Earth’s surface and the atmosphere • Evaporation – the change from a liquid to a gas • Atmosphere – the mixture of gasses that surrounds the earth • Condensation – change of a gas into a liquid • Precipitation – water that falls from cloud’s to Earth’s surface • Runoff – water that cannot sink into the ground and instead flows across the Earths surface • Aquifers – huge underground reservoirs • Weather – what the atmosphere is like at a given time and place

VOCABULARY • Anemometer – measures wind speed • Barometer – measures air pressure • Humidity – the amount of water vapor in the air • Types of Precipitation: • Rain – liquid precipitation that falls through warm or cool air • Snow – solid precipitation that falls through cold air • Sleet – precipitation that freezes near the ground. It often begins as rain or snow • Hail – solid precipitation made of layers of ice

VOCABULARY • Air Pressure – the weight of the atmosphere on Earths surface • Wind – moving air • Air Mass – a large body of air that has the same temperature and moisture properties throughout • Front – the boundary between two air masses • Weather map – a map that uses symbols to show weather data • Types of weather: • Tornado – funnel shaped, VERY strong winds • Hurricane – strong storm that forms over the ocean • Blizzard – a strong winter storm

VOCABULARY • Climate – the long-term weather patterns of a place • Equator – the imaginary line that divides Earth into its northern and southern hemisphere, or halves • Latitude – a measure of how far north or south a place is from the equator. • Matter – anything that has mass and volume and can never be created or destroyed • Volume – the amount of space something takes up • Temperature – a measure of the energy of motion of the particles of matter

VOCABULARY Climate Zone- an area that has similar average temperatures and precipitation throughout Temperate Climate Zone- Tropical Climate – Moderate temperatures and varying precipitation, have four seasons, Most of the U. S. is in this zone Near the equator, the sun is directly overhead all year, this zone contains lush, diverse forests however the amount of rainfall varies greatly Polar Climate – generally covered in ice year round, found near the north and south poles where the sun is never high in the sky, few plants and animals live in this zone

VOCABULARY • Gas – a substance with definite shape or volume • Solid – s substance with a definite shape and volume • Liquid – a substance with definite volume but no definite shape • Physical Changes – changes in matter that do not effect that type of matter • Chemical Changes – a change in the identity of matter • Mixture – a combination of two or more substances that keep their identities • Solution – a mixture that has the same composition throughout

VOCABULARY • Atom – the smallest unit of an element that maintains the properties of that element • Atomic Theory – a scientific explanation of the structure of atoms and how they interact with other atoms • Proton – a positively charged particle found in the nucleus of an atom • Neutron – particles with no charge that are found in the nucleus • Electron – negatively charged particles that speed through an area around the nucleus called the electron cloud • Element – the type of matter made of just one kind of atom

VOCABULARY • Compound – a substance formed by at least two types of atoms that are chemically combined • Energy – the ability to cause changes in matter • Potential Energy – the energy an object has because of its position or condition • Kinetic Energy – the energy an object has because of its motion SOUND ENERGY - A form of energy that is carried as waves in vibrating matter - A type of kinetic energy, because particles of matter are moving - The cause of all the sounds you hear

VOCABULARY • Thermal Energy – the total kinetic energy of the particles that can make up a substance • Electrical Energy – energy caused by the movement of electrical charges • Light Energy – a form of energy that can travel through space • Mechanical Energy – the total energy of motion and position of an object • Chemical Energy – the energy that is stored in matter and that can be released be a chemical reaction • Static Electricity – the buildup of charges

VOCABULARY • Electric Motor – a device that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy • Electromagnet – a device in which current produces electricity • Generator – a device that converts kinetic energy into electrical energy • Insulator – a material that resists the flow of an electric charge • Conductor – a material that readily allows electric charges to pass through it • Circuit – a path along which electric charges can flow • Series Circuit – only one path for electric charges to follow

VOCABULARY • Force – a change in motion that is a push or pull • Gravity – a force of attraction between two objects • Friction – a force that opposes motion • Balanced Forces – forces on an object that are equal in size and opposite in direction • Unbalanced Forces – forces that cause a change in motion • Organism – a living thing • Organ – a body part that is made up of smaller parts that work together to do a certain job

VOCABULARY • Organ System – a group of organs that work together to do one type of job

OUR NEIGHBORHOOD (IS BIGGER THAN YOU THINK) Our Cosmic address • Earth Solar System Orion Arm (An arm or spiral of the Milky Way galaxy. ) Milky Way (Our Galaxy. ) Local Group (yes, that's what our little group of galaxies is unimaginatively named. ) Virgo Supercluster. The Universe The Milky Way Galaxy

BOCA RATON

FLORIDA

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

NORTH AMERICA

WESTERN HEMISPHERE

EARTH

SOLAR SYSTEM

ORION ARM

MILKY WAY (OUR GALAXY. )

LOCAL GROUP (YES, THAT'S WHAT OUR LITTLE GROUP OF GALAXIES IS UNIMAGINATIVELY NAMED. )

VIRGO SUPERCLUSTER

THE UNIVERSE

THE MILKY WAY GALAXY • A galaxy is made of ____________________________ • The Earth and our solar system is part of the _________ galaxy. • The Milky Way Galaxy is made of about ______ stars.

THE MILKY WAY GALAXY • A galaxy is made of gas, dust, and many stars, including any objects orbiting the stars • The Earth and our solar system are part of the Milky Way galaxy. • The Milky Way Galaxy is made of about 200 million stars.

LABEL THE STARS IN ORDER FROM HOTTEST TO COOLEST FACTS TYPES OF STARS • Stars are objects in space that emit _____ in the form of ___________. • They are made of mostly _____ gas and _________ gas. • They come in different colors – ______________________ • Our star is the Sun and it is the _____ star in our _________. It provides the ______ and ________ for us STAR HOTTES T COLOR S IN TO ORDE R FROM … COOLES T

WHAT IS A STAR? FACTS TYPES OF STARS • Stars are objects in space that emit energy in the form of visible light. STAR BLUE STAR COLO RS WHITE STAR IN YELLO W STAR ORDE R RED STAR FROM … ORANG COOLES E STAR T • They are made of mostly hydrogen gas and helium gas. • They come in different colors – blue, white, yellow, red, and red-orange. • Our star is the Sun and it is the ONLY star in our solar system. It provides the heat and energy for us to live. HOTTES T TO

STAR LIGHT, STAR BRIGHT…(OR IS IT? ) • Our sun is an _______ star. • Some stars are _______ than others. • A star’s brightness is described by its _____________and how bright it appears to ______________. • If two stars have the same brightness but one is farther away, the one that is ________ will look _________.

STAR LIGHT, STAR BRIGHT…(OR IS IT? ) • Our sun is an average star. • Some stars are brighter than others. • A star’s brightness is described by its actual brightness and how bright it appears to people on Earth. • If two stars have the same brightness but one is farther away, the one that is closer will look brighter.

HERZSPRUNG-RUSSELL DIAGRAM

THE PLANETS

THE PLANETS Inner Planets Outer Planets • Mercury • Jupiter • Venus • Saturn • Earth • Uranus • Mars • Neptune

Inner Planets • The four ______ planets to the sun • All have a _______ surface • They are the four __________ planets in the Solar System • They have the __________ __ number of moons in the Solar System _______ __

Inner Planets • The four closest planets to the sun • All have a rocky surface • They are the four smallest planets in the Solar System • They have the least number of moons in the Solar System 1. Mercury 2. Venus 3. Earth 4. Mars

Outer Planets • These four planets are ________t from the sun • They are called________ because that’s exactly what they are made of. They have no surface to land on • They are the four _______ largest planets in the Solar System. They are many time larger than the first four • They have a _________ number of moons. Why do you think they have more __________ ___

Outer Planets • These four planets are furthest from the sun • They are called gas giants because that’s exactly what they are made of. They have no surface to land on • They are the four largest planets in the Solar System. They are many time larger than the first four • They have a large number of moons. Why do you think they have more moons than the smaller planets? Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptu ne

SUN

SUN • The Sun is a star found at the center of the Solar System. • It makes up around 99. 86% of the Solar System’s mass. • At around 1, 392, 000 kilometers (865, 000 miles) wide, the Sun’s diameter is about 110 times wider than Earth’s. • Around 74% of the Sun’s mass is made up of hydrogen. Helium makes up around 24% while heavier elements such as oxygen, carbon, iron and neon make up the remaining percentage. • Light from the Sun reaches Earth in around 8 minutes. • The Sun’s surface temperature is around 5500 degrees Celsius (9941 degrees Fahrenheit), so pack plenty of sunscreen if you plan on visiting (remembering that the average distance from the Sun to the Earth is around 150 million kilometers) • A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon is between the Sun and the Earth.

SOLAR SYSTEM • The solar system includes the Sun and all the objects that orbit around it due to its gravity. This includes things such as planets, comets, asteroids, meteoroids and moons. • The Solar System formed around 4. 6 billion years ago. • There are eight planets in the Solar System. The four inner planets are Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars while the four outer planets are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. • The inner planets (also known as terrestrial planets) are smaller and made mostly of rock and metal. • The outer planets (also known as giants) are much larger and made mostly of hydrogen, helium and other gases. • As of 2008, there also five dwarf planets: Pluto, Ceres, Eris, Makemake & Haumea. • There is an asteroid belt which lies between the orbits or Mars and Jupiter, it features a large number of irregular shaped asteroids. • For thousands of years humans were unaware of the Solar System and believed that Earth was at the center of the Universe.

PLANETS

PLANETS • Large Gaseous or Rocky bodies that orbit a star

MOONS

• Bodies that orbit planets

ASTEROIDS

ASTEROIDS • A rocky body that flies freely through space. Asteroids can range in size from a pebble to a planet.

WATER CYCLE • Powered by the __________ • Sun’s heat ___________ water • Evaporated water is known as _________ • Water vapor ____________ to become clouds • Those clouds drop water back to earth in the form of ___________ • Some of the water soaks into the ground • The water that does not soak into the ground in called _________ • Runoff goes back into oceans, lakes, etc. and evaporates again to start the cycle all over again

WATER CYCLE • Powered by the sun • Sun’s heat evaporates water • Evaporated water is known as water vapor • Water vapor condenses to become clouds • Those clouds drop water back to earth in the form of precipitation • Some of the water soaks into the ground • The water that does not soak into the ground in called runoff • Runoff goes back into oceans, lakes, etc. and evaporates again to start the cycle all over again

WATER CYCLE The sun evaporates water from oceans, lakes, plants, etc. Some water soaks into the ground and the rest is runoff back to the ocean and lakes, etc. Where the water evaporates again The clouds eventually drop the water vapor back to Earth in the form of precipitation The water turns to water vapor and floats to the sky The water vapor condenses into clouds

RECOGNIZE HOW AIR TEMPERATURE, BAROMETRIC PRESSURE, HUMIDITY, WIND SPEED AND DIRECTION, AND PRECIPITATION DETERMINE THE WEATHER IN A PARTICULAR PLACE AND TIME. Measuring Tool What Is It Barometer How much pressure is in the air Humidity Hygrometer The amount of water vapor in the air Measured as a percent of humidity in the air Wind Speed Anemometer How fast the wind is blowing Km/h Wind Direction Wind Vane Which direction the wind is Direction: North, South, East, West Air Pressure Measured in Barometric Pressure

TYPES OF PRECIPITATION RAIN • Liquid precipitation that falls through warm or cool air • It is the most common type of precipitation SNOW • Solid precipitation that falls through cold air SLEET • Precipitation that freezes near the ground • It often begins as rain or snow HAIL Precipitation made of layers of ice Usually falls during thunderstorms

Definition Energy The ability to cause change in matter Light A form of energy that can travel through space. Light energy travels as waves. Thermal (heat) The total kinetic energy of the particles that make up a substance Sound • A form of energy that is carried as waves in vibrating matter • A type of kinetic energy, because particles of matter are moving • The cause of all the sounds you hear Electrical Caused by the movement of electrical charges Chemical Energy that is stored in matter and that can be released by a chemical reaction Mechanical The total energy of motion and position of an object