8 Some bacteria benefit mammals by Kingdom Bacteria

8 Some bacteria benefit mammals by • Kingdom Bacteria has helping with — beneficial and harmful F growth members G defense H digestion J respiration • The best answer here is H, since digestion systems of mammals contain bacteria. • Bacteria found in the respiratory system usually result in illness, which would trigger the defenses, not help them.

Practice Question H. pylori bacteria are known to cause stomach ulcers, which are sores in the lining of the stomach. The sores are vulnerable to damage by stomach acids. A doctor may treat ulcers by prescribing an antibiotic, which will A. neutralize stomach acids B. stop formation of stomach acids C. kill the H. pylori bacteria D. cover sores in the stomach lining C

Practice Question Streptococcus infection in a person’s throat can cause pain and fever. Streptococcus can be controlled by antibiotics. Streptococcus is a — F virus G bacterium H protozoan G J fungus

Practice Question Which of the following explains why antibiotics can treat flu-like symptoms caused by bacteria but are ineffective against flu? A Flu is a response to an antigen. B Antibiotics require time to work. C Antibiotics strengthen antibodies. D Flu is caused by a virus. D

Practice Question Viruses differ from bacteria in that all viruses. F cause insect-borne diseases G can be destroyed by antibiotics H have rigid cell walls J J must be reproduced in living cells

PUBLIC SERVICE ANNOUNCEMENT: Facts About the Flu Vaccine 1. The vaccine may be administered either as a nasal spray or as an injection. 2. Prior to administration, nasalspray vaccines must be stored at 15°C or lower. 3. In an experiment, vaccine recipients had 85% fewer flu episodes than nonrecipients. 4. The vaccine virus is heat sensitive and fails to replicate at temperatures of 38°C– 39°C. 4 Which statement above makes the most valid argument in favor of receiving the flu vaccine? These are administration F Statement 1 directions, not reasons to Statement 2 get. Gvaccinated H Statement 3 This is administration J Statement 4 directions, not a reason to get vaccinated

Practice Question Enzymes allow viruses to insert their genetic material into the host cell’s DNA. The virus benefits from this action by — A acquiring the traits of the host cell B B causing the host cell to produce viruses C introducing random deadly mutations into the host cell D turning the host cell into a virus

36 Viruses can be transmitted in a variety of ways. The virus that causes SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) can be transmitted when an infected person coughs or sneezes. This virus is transmitted in a manner most similar to the transmission of — F smallpox G AIDS H West Nile virus J influenza

The only way living things or viruses can reproduce is to have a blue print and that is stored in genetic material such as DNA or in viruses, RNA. 17 Which of the following is found in both cells and viruses? A Silica B Genetic material C Digestive cavity D Flagella

Means reduced immune system or. . . 21 People infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have an increased risk of dying from secondary infections. Which of these best explains how HIV increases the danger of secondary infections? A HIV produces antigens that damage red blood cells. Damage red blood cells would be harmful effecting the B HIV addstogenetic material from microbes. circulatory system. C HIV destroys helper T cells. Adding genetic material would be a mutation not infection D HIV consumes beneficial microbes in the body. If it only destroyed “helper cells” it would not be an infection

24 Many species of bacteria can be found in the human mouth. Which of these explains the great variety of bacteria in the mouth? Although bacteria quitebacteria easily, simply being inform. air, F Large volumes ofmutate air cause to change or near salivary not sufficientintobacterial cause a mutation. G Salivary glands causeismutations Mutations occur naturally, but not so as to produce lots of populations. newpresence species in our mouth. Notmakes F or G the mouth a H The of nutrients favorable habitat. J Calcium in the teeth provides a suitable p. H environment. Calcium is an element, not an acid or base, so it will not affect p. H - Not J

6 Most viruses infect a specific kind of cell. Which of the following are infected by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)? F Helper T cells G Liver cells H GABA-receptor cells J Red blood cells

Practice Question Which of these conditions is caused by bacteria? F AIDS G Seasonal allergies H Dental cavities J Colds H

Practice Question Scientists are designing new medicines to fight infectious diseases caused by viruses. One of the most effective ways these medicines could limit the spread of the virus within the body would be to A. prevent viruses from dividing B. burst cells infected with viruses C C. stop viruses from attaching to cells D. make it easier for viruses to leave cells

Practice Question Which of the following conclusions is supported by the information to the right? F Antibiotics have intensified the symptoms of M. tuberculosis infections. G M. tuberculosis is becoming extinct because of antibiotics. H Antibiotics have caused M. tuberculosis to reproduce at a faster rate. J M. tuberculosis has developed resistance to antibiotics. J

Practice Question Lactose is a naturally occurring sugar found in milk. Some dairy products, such as yogurt, may contain live bacteria. These products are useful to people who lack the ability to digest lactose. What does this information demonstrate? A Bacteria raise the acidity of processed foods. B Some bacteria interfere with digestion. D C Bacteria can prevent insulin production. D Some bacteria are beneficial to human health.

Practice Question Viruses can be transmitted in a variety of ways. The virus that causes SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) can be transmitted when an infected person coughs or sneezes. This virus is transmitted in a manner most similar to F smallpox the transmission of — G AIDS H West Nile virus J influenza J