8 Parts of Speech Parts of Speech 1

8 Parts of Speech

Parts of Speech 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Noun Verb Adjective Adverb Pronoun Conjunction Interjection Preposition 2

The Noun § Common Nouns § Names any one of a group of persons, places, things, or ideas § Examples: woman, nation, holiday, painter § Proper Nouns § Names a specific noun § Examples: Canada, Christmas, Picasso 3

The Noun § Concrete Nouns § Names a noun that can be perceived by the sense § Examples: fire, garlic, cotton, horses § Abstract Nouns § Names an idea, feeling, quality, or characteristic § Examples: self-confidence, strength, charm, ability 4

The Noun § Collective Nouns § A singular noun that names a group § Examples: audience, cluster, bunch § Compound Nouns § Two or more words that name a noun; can be hyphenated, two words, or together § Examples: sidewalk, attorney general, daughter-in-law 5

Practice Directions: Classify each italicized noun into all applicable categories 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Republicans use an elephant as their symbol. Sato, former emperor of Japan, was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1984. Jason and Hope rowed to the middle of the lake too escape the swarm of mosquitoes on the shore. Off the coast of Guam is the deepest place in the ocean-the Mariana Trench. Yes, I do enjoy the Modern Jazz Quartet. 6

Classify the following nouns 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. tradition flower courage café dancers honor security Mr. Sholtis 9. fleet 10. tablecloth 11. telephone pole 12. Jack-o-lantern 13. swarm 14. cotton 15. pencil 16. staff 7

The Pronoun § A pronoun is a word that takes the place of one or more nouns § An antecedent is the noun that the pronoun replace § Ex: Find the nouns and antecedents: Angelo borrowed a hammer and some nails. He will return them tomorrow. 8

The Pronoun § Personal Pronoun: § Refers to the one speaking (1 st person), the one being spoken to (2 nd person), the one spoken about (3 rd person) § 1 st person: I, me, my, mine, us, we, ours § 2 nd person : you, yours § 3 rd person: he, him, his, she, hers, its, them, theirs 9

The Pronoun § Reflexive Pronouns: § Refers to the subject of a sentence and is either a complement or object of a preposition § Joe wrote a note to himself. § Intensive Pronouns: § Emphasize the antecedent § Leo himself organized the concert. § Pronouns used as Reflexive or Intensive: § myself, ourselves (1 st) § yourself, yourselves (2 nd) § himself, herself, itself, themselves 10

The Pronoun § Demonstrative Pronouns: § Points out a specific person, place, thing, or idea § this, that, these, those § This is my sister Debra. § Interrogative Pronouns: § Introduces a questions § what, which, whom, whose § What were you doing at 6: 00 pm? § Relative Pronouns: § Introduces a subordinate clause § that, which, whom, whose § The car that you were driving was stolen. 11

The Pronoun § Indefinite Pronouns: § Refers to noun that may not be specifically named § Exs: all, everybody, nobody, some, several… § I have packed everything that we will need for the trip. 12

Practice Identify each pronoun, then tell which type it is 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Deven himself knew everyone who had a ticket or could get one for him at a low price. Nobody has bought any of the CDs on sale at the discount store. You won several events at the Superstars competition, I hear. Those are pictures of some of the many women politicians. What is the name of the large body of water that borders Ethiopia? 13

Practice Identify each noun, then tell which type it is 1. Freedom is a tradition in the USA. 2. The ocean is full of Great White sharks and many other fish. 3. The house that you saw is a historical landmark. 4. I hope that you can help me with my homework. 14

The Adjective § Modifies a noun or pronoun § Modify – to describe or make clear § Answer the following questions: § What kind? § How many? § How much? § Which one? § Which of the above questions does each example answer? § brown shoes, those cars, ten boxes, enough money 15

The Adjective § Articles are a special adjective § Indefinite articles: § “a” used before a word beginning with a consonant sound § “an” used before a word beginning with a vowel sound § Definite articles: § “the” used before something or someone particular § Ex: For an hour I rode through the park in a horsedrawn carriage. 16

Adjective vs. Pronoun § Important: Words in the English language can function as different parts of speech. Instead of memorizing word lists, you need to pay attention to how words function in a sentence. § Is the underlined word an adjective or pronoun? § Which museum did you visit? § Which did you visit? § I wrote these stories. § I wrote these. 17

Adjective vs. Noun § Some words can be used as nouns or adjectives § § The business is doing great. (Noun) Type that business letter today. (Adjective) Tuna are medium-sized fish. (Noun) I love tuna salad. (Adjective) 18

Practice Identify the adjective below, and the word it modifies. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Jon lives on this street. You need four cups of flour for this recipe. Your new apartment, so spacious and sunny, certainly seems ideal. The image of the eagle is quite powerful in many American Indian cultures today. To which bookstore did you go? 19

The Verb § Expresses action or state of being § Action Verb: § Expresses a mental or physical action § remember, think, consider, run § Linking Verb: § Connects a word or group of words in the predicate to the subject of a sentence § Forms of “to be” are most common linking verbs § as, be, is, was, were, would have been, could have been… 20

The Verb § Verb Phrase: § When more than one word makes up the verb § shall have been § Identify the underlined verb as linking or action: § The soup tasted spicy. § We tasted the soup. § She felt good about her presentation. § The travelers felt the rain on their faces. § My relatives will be here tomorrow. 21

The Verb § Verb Phrase: § Consists of a Main Verb and Helping Verbs § Verb phrases are classified as action or linking verbs! § Identify the main and helping verbs in each verb phrase: § Jon will be arriving at 3: 00 P. M. § She should not have been told about her party. 22

The Verb § Transitive Verbs: § Has an object § An object is a word that tells who or what receives the action § Intransitive Verbs: § Have no object § Tell whether each underlined verb is transitive or intransitive: § Everyone cheered the football team. § The gorilla smiled at its baby. § Phil writes poetry. § We ate quickly. 23

Practice Find each verb. Tell whether it is action or linking, transitive or intransitive. 1. 2. 3. 4. Throughout its history, English has borrowed many words from other languages. Because a newly borrowed word often sounds unfamiliar, people do not hear it correctly. They will pronounce the word and will spell it as if it had come from other, more familiar English words. The word woodchuck, for example, might have come from two English words, wood and chuck. 24

Verbs Practice 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. I need to paint the fence. She jumped on the boat. The ghost only appears at night. This steak seems undercooked. I have my dollar, where is the cookie? I want to write a letter today. I imagine that you liked the book. 25

Verb Practice 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Paint: Action, Transitive Jumped: Action, Intransitive Appear: Linking Seems: Linking Have, is: Linking Write: Action, Transitive Imagine: Action, Transitive 26

More Verb Practice 1. He likes her. 2. She seems friendly. 3. My drums are covered with a sparkle finish. 4. He ran fast and won the race. 5. He is in charge of the fund raiser. 27

More Verb Practice 1. That is my favorite tie; I will wear it with my red shirt and black pants. 2. Make my sweet roll. 3. Why must I make the sweet roll? 4. I am going to the store. 5. Tomorrow is Tuesday. 6. Math is my favorite subject. 7. This weekend I went to the zoo. 8. Bananas are my favorite fruit. 9. The microwave makes a buzzing sound. 10. Don’t I need a fork? 28

The Adverb § Modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb § Tells: § How? § When? § Where? § To what extent? § Some adverbs begin questions: § Where are you going? § When will they return? 29

The Adverb § Adverbs Modifying Verbs: § KISS performed there. § Brady played magnificently. § Korn performed widely. § Adverbs Modifying Adjectives: § The players are exceptionally skillful. § Adverb exceptionally modifies the adjective skillful § The documentary about global warming was thorough enough. § Adverb enough modifies the adjective thorough 30

The Adverb § Adverbs Modifying Adverbs § Cheetahs can run extremely fast. § Andre reacted to the news rather calmly. § Noun or Adverb? § They returned to their home. § They returned home before noon. § Yesterday was a good day. § The teacher reviewed what had been covered yesterday. 31

Practice Identify the adverbs and state what question each answers 1. 2. 3. 4. Her calm, friendly manner always inspired confidence. I understand now what he was saying. The index lists all of the book’s topics alphabetically. They thought that the decorations would be too expensive. 32

Directions: Write the sentence, identify the adverbs § The rarely studied nautilus is an extremely odd mollusk. § This unusual shellfish is entirely enclosed in a perfectly spiraled shell. § The nautiluses’ uniquely designed shells are highly prized by collectors. 33

The Preposition § Shows the relationship of a noun or pronoun, called the OBJECT OF THE PREPOSITION, to another word. § Prepositional phrase: § The preposition, its object, and any modifiers § Prepositions can drastically change the meaning of a sentence § The puppy ran beside me. § The puppy ran toward me. § The puppy ran around me. § The puppy ran in front of me. 34

The Preposition § Adverb or Preposition: § Must remember that an adverb is a modifier and does not take an object. § We drove around the parking lot. § We drove around for a while. § Vyne went inside the house. § Vyne went inside when it started to rain. 35

The Preposition § Special Case: “To” § When used as a preposition, “To” has a noun or pronoun as the object of the preposition § Ex: to the beach § Ex: to him and her § When used as an infinitive, “To” has a verb with it § Ex: to wash § Ex: to remember 36

Practice Identify the preposition and its object in each sentence. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Why does your dog always sleep in front of my bed? Along with Korn, Tool is one of my favorite bands. Because of the sale, we need all employees at work. Instead of sugar, use Sweet and Low. In spite of her hair, she won the competition. 37

Write each sentence and underline the prepositional phrase 1. Mr. Lee’s favorite park in New York City is State Park. 2. This 1, 000 -acre park is located next to Riverdale. 3. Miles of wooded trails wind within its boundaries. 4. Any enjoy the playgrounds instead of the hiking trails 38

The Conjunction § Joins words or groups of words § Types: Coordinating Conjunctions: § And, But, Or, Nor, Yet, So, For § Joins words that are used in the same way § Ex: We found a glove and a bat at the field. § Correlative Conjunctions: § both…and not only …but also § Either … or whether …or § Neither …nor § Joins words used in the same way and ALWAYS travels in pairs § Ex: Not only is she the winner, but she is also from Ohio! 39

The Conjunction § Subordinating Conjunction: § Connects two ideas; one is dependant upon the other § after, because, before, since, until… § Ex: We arrived late because our train was delayed. § Ex: While Holmes explained his theory, Watson listened carefully. 40

Practice Directions: State whether the underlined word is a preposition or conjunction. If it is a conjunction, state the type. 1. 2. 3. 4. Whitney not only invented a new type of cotton gin, but also made muskets and other weapons. Even though they won a Grammy, Metallica are still seen as bums. After the basketball game, we celebrated. Although the new technology is wonderful, it costs many workers their jobs. 41

The Interjection § Expresses emotion and has no grammatical relation to the rest of the sentence § Ex: ah, hey, oops, whew, aha, oh § They are usually set off from the rest of the sentence by an exclamation point or comma § Ex: Ouch! That hurts! § Ex: Well, I think that you should apologize to her. 42

Conjunction Practice 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. I was late because my alarm was busted. The boss chewed me out and everyone is disgusted. I went to work, but my boss said that I was fired. “Either you or I must go with him, ” said Romeo. Neither period 4 -5 nor period 10 won the English 9 competition. Since I won the race, I get a trophy. 43

Practice Directions: Identify the part of speech of the underlined word or words. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Suddenly the radio announcer interrupted the musical selection. A funnel cloud has been sighted. All people should take proper precautions. Those were the last words of the dee-jay. She ran to the basement quickly. Oh, I hate Ohio’s weather. It peeled the wall paper off the wall but left the picture intact. It had driven a fork into a brick up to the handle. 44