8 1 A For example instead However Just

8강 접속사 – 1. (A) : For example, instead, However Just as American societies changed /when they encountered whites, so European societies changed /when they encountered Natives. Textbooks completely miss this side of the mutual accommodation and acculturation process. * just as A so B : A한 것처럼 B한다 (A, B는 문장이 나옴) *원주민 사회가 백인을 만나서 변화 – 백인사회도 원주민을 만나 변화! ⇒교과서는 miss: the mutual accommodation and acculturation process (A) , their view of white-Indian relations is dominated by the original pattern of the frontier line. 1) 교과서에는 백인-인디언간의 상호적응과 문화변용이 없음 2) 백인-인디언관계는 개척선이란 원래의 형태에 의해 지배됨 - 1)과 2)는 어떤 관계인가?

8강 접속사 – 1. (B) : As a result/ In short/ In fact/ Besides/ That is Textbooks present the process as a moving line of white (and black) settlement - Indians on one side, whites (and blacks) on the other. Pocahontas and Squanto aside, the Natives and Europeans don't meet much in textbook history, except as whites remove Indians farther west. * 교과서 : 백인정착지의 이동선 제시 - 한 쪽 인디언 & 한 쪽 백인 : P&S/ 백인이 인디언을 서쪽으로 몰아낼 때를 빼곤 만나지 않음 (B) , whites and Native Americans in what is now the United States worked together, sometimes lived together, and quarreled with each other for 325 years, from the first permanent Spanish settlement in 1565 to the end of Sioux and Apache autonomy around 1890. * 백인과 흑인 함께 일하고/ 함께 살고/ 함께 싸움 -325년 동안 : 1565년의 첫 영구정착부터 1890의 S&A의 자치가 끝날때까지 * (B)는 어떤 상황인가? 교과서의 요약인가? 있는 그대로인가?

8강 접속사 – 1. 1. 소재 : 교과서에 그려진 인디언과 백인 간의 관계 - 교과서에서는 단절된 것처럼 표현되지만 실제로는 다르다 2. 핵심 문장 : [주제문] Textbooks completely miss this side of the mutual accommodation and acculturation process. Instead, their view of white-Indian relations is dominated by the original pattern of the frontier line. 3. 핵심 내용 : 교과서가 아메리카 원주민과 백인 사이 상호 적응과 문화 변용 의 측면을 놓치고, 그 대신에 경계선의 양식으로 백인과 인디언의 관계를 기술하고 있다는 내용 * Pocahontas and Squanto aside, * whites and Native Americans in ? ? what ● is now the United States worked together

8강 접속사 – 2. • They 의 뜻을 찾아보자. 3종류의 they가 있음 Because natural family groups are not common in domestic settings, most people do not have the opportunity to see how horses in such groups behave with each other. They will not see how little aggression there is, or how much friendly interaction occurs. (A) , aggression is certainly more common in domestic groups of horses / because they are often put in situations where they have to compete for some resource. This may be personal space, especially in small paddocks, or when passing through gateways where they may be crowded. Water buckets or troughs may be too small to accommodate all the horses comfortably, or they may be sited in places where horses have to push and shove in order to get near them. (B) , many domestic horses have concentrated feed given to them out in the field or paddock, and because of the feed's attractiveness to the animals it may increase aggression within a group.

8강 접속사 – 2. they = people/ they= horses /they = Water buckets or troughs Because natural family groups are not common in domestic settings, most people do not have the opportunity to see how horses in such groups behave with each other. They will not see how little aggression there is, or how much friendly interaction occurs. (A) , aggression is certainly more common in domestic groups of horses / because they are often put in situations where they have to compete for some resource. This may be personal space, especially in small paddocks, or when passing through gateways where they may be crowded. Water buckets or troughs may be too small to accommodate all the horses comfortably, or they may be sited in places where horses have to push and shove in order to get near them. (B) , many domestic horses have concentrated feed given to them out in the field or paddock, and because of the feed's attractiveness to the animals it may increase aggression within a group.

8강 접속사 – 2. * they = people/ they= horses /they = Water buckets or troughs (A): However, Therefore, Moreover Because natural family groups are not common in domestic settings, most people do not have the opportunity <to see how horses in such groups behave with each other>. They will not see how little aggression there is, or how much friendly interaction occurs. * 자연상태의 가족집단 = 사육환경에서 흔치 않음 ⇒ 집단 속 말들의 서로 어떻게 행동하는 지 볼 기회가 없음 ⇒ not see <little aggression & much friendly interaction>. (A) , aggression is certainly more common in domestic groups of horses / because they are often put in situations where they have to compete for some resource. * aggression : more common in domestic groups of horses * they are often put in situations where they have to compete for some resource

8강 접속사 – 2. * they= horses /they = Water buckets or troughs (B) : On the other hand/ In addition/ In contrast/ Consequently/ Likewise * 사육되는 곳에서는 공격성 상승 : 자원을 위해 경쟁하기 때문 This may be personal space, especially in small paddocks, or when passing through gateways where they may be crowded. Water buckets or troughs may be too small to accommodate all the horses comfortably, or they may be sited in places where horses have to push and shove in order to get near them. * This = some resource to make horses compete 1) 개인적 공간 = 좁은 축사 안/ 붐비는 입구를 통해 지나가는 2) 물통이나 여물통 = 너무 작거나/ 밀고 제치고 가야하는 위치

8강 접속사 – 2. * they= horses /they = Water buckets or troughs (B) : On the other hand/ In addition/ In contrast/ Consequently/ Likewise * 사육되는 곳에서는 공격성 상승 : 자원을 위해 경쟁하기 때문 * This =some resource to make horses compete : 경쟁의 원인 1) 개인적 공간 = 좁은 축사 안/ 붐비는 입구를 통해 지나가는 2) 물통이나 여물통 = 너무 작거나/ 밀고 제치고 가야하는 위치 (B) , many domestic horses have concentrated feed given to them out in the field or paddock, and because of the feed's attractiveness to the animals it may increase aggression within a group. * many domestic horses have concentrated feed given * because of the feed's attractiveness to the animals/ it may increase aggression within a group. * 동물에게 주어지는 사료의 매력 : 그룹 안 공격성 상승 * B는 앞 부분과 어떤 관계에 있는가?

8 -3. (A) For example / In addition/ Nevertheless It is almost as if the British are keen to present themselves as a nation of philistines. And yet, hundreds of thousands of people are enthusiastically involved in one or other of the arts, but (in typically British fashion) with a more-or-less amateur or part-time status. * It is almost as if ~ : 마치 ~인 것 처럼 보이다. * the British : present themselves as a nation of philistines ⇔ enthusiastically involved in one or other of the arts * but with a more-or-less amateur or part-time status * 교양없는 듯 ⇔나름 예술에 참여 but 다소 아마추어/파트타임 (A) , every town in the country has at least one 'amateur dramatics' society, which regularly gives performances and charges no more than enough to cover its costs. * 모든 마을에 최소 하나의 “아마추어 연극’협회가 있고, 그 협회의 역할을 소개하는 이 문장, 윗 문장과 어떤 관계인가?

8 -3. (B) Similarly / Therefore / In contrast For example, every town in the country has at least one 'amateur dramatics' society, which regularly gives performances and charges no more than enough to cover its costs. * one 'amateur dramatics' society, which regularly ● gives performances and ● charges no more than enough to cover its costs. All over the country, thousands of people learn handicrafts (such as pottery) in their free time, and sometimes sell their work in local craft shops. * 수천 명이 여가시간에 수공예를 배우고 자신들 작품을 판매 (B) , there are thousands of musicians of every kind, performing around the country for very little money and making their own recordings in very difficult circumstances. * 수천 음악가 – 전국서 연주/ 적은 수입/ 어려운 상황서 음악 녹음 * handicrafts (such as pottery) = musicians of every kind

8 -3. Some amateur British choirs, such as the Bach Choir of London and King's College Chapel Choir in Cambridge, are well -known throughout the world. 1. 소재 : 영국인의 예술에 대한 애호 2. 핵심 문장 : And yet, hundreds of thousands of people are enthusiastically involved in one or other of the arts, but (in typically British fashion) with a more-or-less amateur or part-time status. 3. 핵심 내용 : 영국인들이 예술에 관심이 없는 것처럼 보일 수 있지만 실제로는 수많은 사람들이 아마추어로서 연극과 음악 같은 예술에 참여하고 있다는 내용을 서술하고 있다.

8 -4. (A) Instead/ Similarly/ Moreover Web ads very frequently instruct users to click here. In online advertising, the imperative is an indicator of direct user addressing. As a matter of language use, these directive speech acts are not strict commands, which would be too offensive an addressing in the advertising context. * 웹 광고는 클릭하라고 instruct! : instruct 목 to R * the imperative = these directive speech acts ; are not strict commands, which ● would be too offensive an addressing in the advertising context (A) , they function as a kind of polite request with a reduced impact on interactants. * they = the imperative = these directive speech acts = a kind of polite request /with a reduced impact on interactants * 명령형 = 지시적인 말 = 엄격한 명령 = 광고에서 공격적 사용 ; 감소된 충격을 지닌 공손한 요청의 일종으로 사용!

8 -4. (B) Consequently / Nevertheless * the imperative = directive speech acts = not strict commands = too offensive an addressing in the ad context = a kind of polite request /with a reduced impact on interactants

8 -4. (B) Consequently / Nevertheless The illocutionary force of the advertising message gives the users some space to act. In their implicit communication, it is initially the advertiser who wants something from the user, and not vice versa. * 광고 속 내적 의미 ⇒ 사용자에게 행동할 여유를 줌 * it is initially the advertiser who wants something from the user, and not vice versa. * 내재적 의사소통 속 : 사용자로부터 무언가 얻으려는 자-광고주 (B) , the use of imperatives is still far more forceful, more striking, and often shorter than a politely worded request or an indirect speech act <that avoids imposing on the other>. a politely worded request * 명령형사용 = still far more forceful, an indirect speech act more striking, <that avoids imposing often shorter on the other> * 원래 무엇을 얻으려는 자는 어떠한 태도여야 할까?

8 -4. (B) Consequently / Nevertheless * 내재적 의사소통 속 : 사용자로부터 무언가 얻으려는 자-광고주 * 원래 무엇을 얻으려는 자는 공손한 태도여야 하지만 명령형이 still far more forceful, more striking, often shorter - 고로 명령형을 사용! Online advertising needs to initiate an action, and for this reason, imperatives are employed. According to Double. Click. com, the instruction click here tends to increase click rates by 15 percent. * Online advertising needs to initiate an action, and for this reason, imperatives are employed. * the instruction click here tends to increase click rates by 15%. * 우리가 온라인쇼핑몰을 운영한다면 어떤 문장을 써야 하나?

8 -5. (A) Moreover/ That is/ However When you watch a theatrical production, you engage in something called the "willing suspension of disbelief. " (A) , you know very well in your conscious mind that everything that is happening on the stage is not real. Yet you willingly suspend your disbelief of the action onstage/ in order to allow yourself 1)to be drawn into the production and to experience the story with all of your emotions. *연극감상; something called the "willing suspension of disbelief * you know very well in your conscious mind <that everything (that is happening on the stage) is not real. > <that everything (that ●is happening on the stage) is not real. > * in order to allow yourself 1)to be drawn into the production and 2)to experience the story with all of your emotions = you willingly suspend your disbelief of the action onstage = willing suspension of disbelief

8 -5. (B) as a result / on the other hand/ in addition * 몰입 & 경험을 위해 willing suspension of disbelief If the actors are doing their job well, you may, for a time, actually believe 1)that what is taking place before you is real and 2)that the events and interactions you are seeing are only just now taking place for the first time. the actors are doing their job well 1)that (what ● is taking place before you) is real 2)that the events and interactions (X you are seeing ●) are only just now taking place for the first time But if, (B) , the actors have become complacent and the action is boring, you will not be able to fully suspend your disbelief, and you will have the uncomfortable awareness of watching actors who are merely reciting memorized lines. * the actors have become complacent and the action is boring : not be able to fully suspend your disbelief, have the uncomfortable awareness of watching actors <who ● are merely reciting memorized lines>

8 -6. (A) In other words/ In the same way/ On the other hand As big businesses, TV networks are tied to other powerful business organizations through interlocking boards of directors. For example, the board that runs CBS includes members of the boards of IBM, AT&T, and so forth. * TV network – 이사회를 통해 다른 영향력 있는 집단에 묶임 예) CBS이사진 ⊃ IBM 이사진, AT&T 이사진 * the board <that runs CBS> includes members of the boards~ (A) , the networks are tied to the government. Former top officials hold board positions in major media, and well-known journalists alternate between working for the White House, the State Department or other government agencies and reporting on those agencies. * the networks = TV networks ; 방송국은 정부에도 묶여있음! * 정부 고위관료 ⇒ 주요 매체의 이사회 * 잘 알려진 언론인 ⇒ 정부기관에서 일하거나 or 정부기관 보도

8 -6. (B) Therefore/ As a result / In fact/ On the surface, the media and the government, the media and big business, may appear to be adversaries. (B) , they are more like tennis players who, after battling for a championship, go out for dinner together. * the media and the government/ big business - on the surface : adversaries - (B) : after battling – go out for dinner together The collaboration between the media and the government is most obvious during coverage of U. S. military actions. TV news anchors regularly use the pronouns "we" and "us, " as if they were part of the invading force, not detached, objective reporters. * 협력의 실례 : 군사 보도시! - how? we & us 사용 : not (detached & objective) reporters - as if they were part of the invading force : 가정법 과거 현재 사실 가정!

8 -7. (A) therefore/ for example/ by contrast It has been argued that the literate merchants and wealthy elites of Europe were attracted to new science /because it offered new ways to exploit resources for profit. Some of the early scientists made it easier for these groups to accept the new ideas /by demonstrating how the ideas could be applied directly to specific industrial and technological needs. * It =that 절 전체 : 가주어 it – 진주어 that * it = new science * it = (for these groups) to accept the new ideas * these groups = the literate merchants and wealthy elites of Europe * the ideas = new ways to exploit resources for profit * 유럽의 교양있는 상인 & 부유한 엘리트가 새로운 과학에 사로잡힘 왜? 새로운 과학이 이익을 위해 자원을 이용한 방법을 제공해주어서 * how the ideas could be applied directly to needs * 일부 과학자는 <그 생각들을 구체적인 산업과 기술적 필요에 직접 적용하는 것을 보여줌으로서> 그 그룹들에게 새로운 생각의 수용을 쉽 게함

8 -7. (A) therefore/ for example/ by contrast (B) In short/ Otherwise/ At the same time • 일부 과학자는 새로운 산업과 기술에 직접 적용 ⇒ 상인이자 부유한 엘리트가 새로운 생각을 쉽게 수용함 Galileo, (A) , consciously sought a close connection between science and the material interests of the educated elite /when he assured his listeners that the science of mechanics would be quite useful "when it becomes necessary to build bridges or other structures over water, something occurring mainly in affairs of great importance. " (B) , Galileo stressed /that science was fit for the "minds of the wise" and not for "the shallow minds of the common people. " • it = to build bridges or other structures over water, something occurring mainly in affairs of great importance A. 갈릴레오 – 의도적으로 과학과 물질적 이득의 관계를 추구 : 다리를 건설하거나 할 떼 기술학이 중요하다고 강조 B. 갈릴레오 – 과학은 ‘현자의 정신’ 에 적합하다고 강조! - 윗 문장을 통해 무엇을 얻을 수 있나? 요약? 전환? 동시?

8 -7. Galileo stressed /that science was fit for the "minds of the wise" and not for "the shallow minds of the common people. " B. 갈릴레오 – 과학은 ‘현자의 정신’ 에 적합하다고 강조! This made science part of the high culture of Europe's wealthy elites at a time /when that culture was being increasingly separated from the popular culture of the lower classes. * This = 앞 문장 전체! * that culture = the high culture of Europe's wealthy elites * was being increasingly separated from the popular culture * 과학 = 유럽 부유한 엘리트의 상류층 문화의 일부가 됨 < 그 문화 (상류문화)가 하층계급의 대중문화로부터 점점 분리되던 시기에> = 상류문화가 하층문화가 구별되던 시기에 과학이 상류문화가 됨

8 -8. (A) As a result / In addition/ Nevertheless In advanced industrial countries, negotiations between multiple countries worked fairly well /to promote substantial reduction of tariffs. (A) , revolutionary progress in transportation and communications has reduced transaction costs /in international trade. These promoted globalization, which has dramatically increased international trade. * These promoted globalization 1. negotiations between multiple countries 2. revolutionary progress in transportation and communications ⇒ has dramatically increased international trade * 국가간 negotiations ⇒ promote substantial reduction of tariffs * revolutionary progress in transportation and communications ⇒ has reduced transaction costs /in international trade * (A)에는 무엇이 들어가야 할까?

8 -8. (A) As a result / In addition/ Nevertheless * 다국간 협상을 통한 관세 감소 & 운송/통신의 발전을 통한 비용감소 = 국제 무역 활성화! * 국제무역의 활성화가 모두에게 좋은가? 국내산업은 어떻게 될까? Accordingly, the opportunity costs of insulating a country from the world economy have risen. 1)Businesses in a country with high tariffs and other restrictions cannot take advantage of less expensive products in world markets. 2)Nor can they transfer stages of their production processes overseas, because high trade barriers make inter- and intra-firm transactions very costly. * insulate A from B = protect/ conserve * the opportunity costs - have risen (전세계 경제로부터 국가를 지키기 위한 기회비용 – 상승!) 1) 높은 관세 & 다른 제한이 있는 나라의 사업체 : 가격이득 X 2) 상품 생산 공장 이전 X (높은 무역 장벽이 거래를 힘들게 함)

8 -8. (B) However/ Thus/ For example 1) 높은 관세 & 다른 제한이 있는 나라의 사업체 : 가격이득 X 2) 상품 생산 공장 이전 X (높은 무역 장벽이 거래를 힘들게 함) (B) , import restrictions deprived domestic industries of advantageous opportunities, strategic perspective and, consequently, international competitiveness. * deprive A of B : A에게서 B를 빼앗다. * 수입 장벽은 (실제로는 국내 사업을 보호하기 위한 것인데) – 국내 산업에서 유리한 기회/ 전략적 시각/ 국제적 경쟁력을 뺏음 (the opportunity of cost)

8 -2. 정정 – Sorry! Because natural family groups are not common in domestic settings, most people do not have the opportunity to see how horses in such groups behave with each other. They will not see how little aggression there is, or how much friendly interaction occurs. (A) , aggression is certainly more common in domestic groups of horses / because they are often put in situations where they have to compete for some resource. This may be personal space, especially in small paddocks, or when passing through gateways where they may be crowded. Water buckets or troughs may be too small to accommodate all the horses comfortably, or they may be sited in places where horses have to push and shove in order to get near them. (B) , many domestic horses have concentrated feed given to them out in the field or paddock, and because of the feed's attractiveness to the animals it may increase aggression within a group. * they = gateways