8 0 Thermal Energy Systems Crude oil 74

8. 0 Thermal Energy Systems Crude oil, $74. 66, 2/1/10 Wholesale RBOB Gasoline, $1. 94 Frank R. Leslie, B. S. E. E. , M. S. Space Technology, LS IEEE 2/4/2010, Rev. 2. 0. 1 fleslie @fit. edu; (321) 674 -7377 www. fit. edu/~fleslie

In Other News. . . l High Speed Trains (HST) are underfunded and state taxpayers may have to pick up the difference l College/university “green campus groups” active u u Bemidji State: “One of our signature themes here at Bemidji State University is environmental stewardship, ” said Anna Carlson, an adjunct professor of environmental studies at BSU. At the forum, Carlson spoke about her CERT-funded greenhouse gas inventory project. She calculated BSU’s greenhouse gas emissions for the past 10 years using Clean Air-Cool Planet’s online calculator. http: //www. cleanair-coolplanet. org/toolkit/inv-calculator. php Reactivate Florida Tech’s Green Campus Group? n Compute the campus GHG emissions? Form an energy club? 100204

7 Overview of Thermal Energy Systems l Thermal energy is used directly as heat rather than being converted to electricity u Of course, a steam turbine might then make electricity l This energy is available from combustion, geothermal sources, or solar radiation l Here we consider the temperatures of the energy, methods of collection, transfers of energy, special uses 100204

8. 0 About This Presentation l l l l l 060118 8. 1 8. 2 8. 3 8. 4 8. 5 8. 6 8. 7 Laws of Thermodynamics Solar Hot Water Heaters Solar Stoves and Ovens Air Conditioning Boiler Systems Turbines Thermoelectric Conversion 8. 8 Shell Oil Reminder 8 Conclusion

8. 1 Thermodynamics --- Classical, That is l First Law of Conservation: Conservation of matter and energy u Energy may be transformed but is conserved (ignores nuclear energy to mass ) l Second Law of Entropy: All matter tends towards randomness, disorder and minimum energy u Work must be done to make more order (just look at my desk!) u Everything falls apart or decays eventually l Third Law: The entropy of a hypothetical pure crystal at absolute zero temperature is zero u The molecules are stationary; no energy left in them 060130

8. 1. 1 Heat Sources l Combustion u Coal, oil, and natural gas (NG) --- the fossil fuels u Biofuel (wood, grasses, beans, corn, etc. ) l Solar radiation absorption by solar collectors l Temperature difference: OTEC (Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion) surface vs. deep ocean temperatures l Radioisotope thermopiles (thermoelectric; Cassini or New Horizons spacecraft; deep ocean transponders) l Chemical exothermic reactions (give off heat; MREs) l Hydrogen production by photodissociation of water or extracted from algae 100203

8. 1. a The Carnot Cycle l The Carnot Cycle is a theoretical engine operation that demonstrates the maximum efficiency possible (can’t build it!) l Using Kelvin absolute temperatures, the efficiency is the difference of the highest input temperature minus the lower exhaust temperature, all divided by the high temperature u A perfect engine could work with equal input and exhaust temperatures; no losses l Real engines cannot exceed the equivalent Carnot efficiency Heat loss = QC/QH = TC/TH Efficiency = 1 – loss = 1 – (TC/TH ) = (TH-TC)/TH So, for TH = 825 K & TC = 300 K, Carnot Efficiency = = 1 - TC/TH = 1 - 300 K/825 K = 0. 64 or 64% Kelvin = [(°F-32) / (1. 8)] + 273 100203

8. 1. 2 Degrees of Thermal “Quality”; Types of Use l Low temperature quality u ~70°F to ~220°F u Example: House heating, hot water heating l Medium temperature quality u ~220°F to ~500°F u Example: Industrial processing, cooking soup l High temperature quality u ~500°F to ~10, 000°F u Example: Materials testing, utility power like “Solar One” at Barstow CA u The Sandia power tested missile nose cones; like Corel™ dinnerware 090203

8. 1. 2. 1 SEGS (Solar Electric Generating Systems) at Kramer Junction CA --- Parabolic Reflectors 050201 http: //www. eia. doe. gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/renewable/solar. html

8. 1. 2. 2 Solar One Daggett (hot oil fluid) near Barstow CA 030127 http: //geoimages. berkeley. edu/Geo. Images/Bain. Calif/CAL 400/SOLARONE. HTML

8. 1. 3 French Solar Furnace Laboratory Odellio, France capable of 33, 000 °Celsius http: //geoimages. berkeley. edu/Geo. Images/Bain. Calif/CAL 400/SOLARONE. HTML 060130

8. 1. 3. 1 Solar Two Power Tower Diagram Ref. : http: //www. boeing. com/assocproducts/energy/articles/Power_experience. pdf 050119

8. 1. 3. 2 Cycles of Heat Engines l Carnot Engine – a theoretical or ideal maximum efficiency engine where η = (1 -Tc/Th)*100% l Otto – the conventional 4 -stroke automobile engine l Diesel – fuel is injected into the hot compressed air and bursts into flame, expanding and driving the piston down l Sterling and Ericsson Cycle use external combustion or heat --- Sterling engine can run on a coffee cup heat l Brayton Cycle for turbines: separate equipment for compression, combustion, and expansion l Rankine – a turbine cycle using reheat of the steam after the first or high pressure stage 080123

8. 1. 3. 2. 1 Coffee Cup Sterling Engine jlnlabs. ifrance. com/jlnlabs/images/stirlvid 1. jpg 080128

8. 1. 3. 3 Rankine Engines 030124 Ref. : http: //engphys. mcmaster. ca/~garlandw/ep 716 p 1/chap 4. pdf

8. 2 Hot Water Solar Collectors l Batch tank u A large water tank is directly heated by the sun u Incoming cold water is warmed as the warmer water leaves the tank for use l Open Cycle (Florida type) u The water is recirculated from a rooftop collector to a heavily insulated hot water heater u The electrical thermostat may be set at 120°F or lower and rarely heats the water except on cloudy days; electrical timer on after sunset (just in case) l Closed Cycle (for freezing areas) u A heat exchanger is placed between a circulating loop containing freezeproof liquid and the drinking water 050201

8. 2. 1 A simple batch tank water heater www. metaefficient. com Water thermosyphons from the panel to the tank Ref. : www. solarns. ca/spatial 3. jpg 060130

8. 3 Solar Stoves/Ovens l Frenchman Muxiao designed a parabolic solar stove in 1860 l Cooking ovens collect the sun’s rays and absorb them in a black colored interior, producing ~180°F l Auxiliary reflective panels around the opening increase the absorption further and the oven may reach 300°F l Much larger units can be used as drying kilns www. deathvalleypizza. com/ SCIPlanz. html http: //www. spw. org/spwzimbabweenvironmentprogrammes. htm 030124

8. 3. 1 Simple but Efficient “Third World” Cook Stoves l A relatively simple clayfired pot can serve as a stove to replace wood campfires l Wood is burned by pushing it through the hole in the side l Efficiency is improved by directing the heat to the cooking pot l A form is used so many of these can be made at once site: www. bramptontanzania. com clay stove 060127

8. 3. 2 A Large Solar Tracker Oven at Solar Fiesta 2003 l This tracker-oven was used to bake three trays of chocolate-chip cookie at a time l This really made an impression on the crowds (and me! Yum!) l Solar Fiesta is held at Albuquerque NM at the Indian Pueblo Center 070129

8. 4. 1 Air-to-Air Conditioning l Basic operation u The working fluid (refrigerant) is compressed, heating it (tire pump gets hot as you pump) u The fluid passes through a condensor and rejects heat to the surrounding air or liquid u It then passes through an expansion valve and cools, entering the evaporator to absorb heat from the air stream l Temperature differential u The greater the temperature difference at the condenser, the greater the efficiency of heat transfer l Reverse cycle or heat pump u If the piping is interchanged by a solenoid valve, the fluid can absorb it from outside and expel heat in the building u Reverse cycle systems have an Energy Efficiency Rating of six or higher; resistance heating is only 1. 0 (100% efficiency) 080128

8. 4. 1. 1 Heat Pump Efficiencies The current national efficiency standard for new heat pumps requires heat pumps to meet a minimum of 13 SEER and 7. 7 HSPF --- ACEEE Heating Season Performance Factor (HSPF) http: //www. fsec. ucf. edu/bldg/pubs/pf 362/ for a heat pump report www. wintonsac. com 060130

8. 4. 2 Water-to-Air Conditioning l Heat exchanger u Rather than conducting/rejecting heat directly into the air, ground water is passed through a heat exchanger to absorb the heat from the compressed refrigerant u The hot and cold fluids must flow in opposite directions in the exchanger for maximum heat transfer l Corrosion u If the ground water corrodes the exchanger, replacement costs quickly make this approach infeasible and costly l Water spray evaporators u A few years ago, mail-order sales of a cheap water spray kit with a solenoid valve were popular u Water was directly sprayed on the condenser fins when the compressor was running; cooled great and corroded away the fins; see corrosion above 100201

8. 5 Boiler Systems l Superheat tubes carry steam to increase its temperature and energy http: //www. affordable-energy. org/ 050119 http: //www. lanl. gov/projects/cctc/factsheets/eerco/images/eerco_schematic_small. jpg

8. 5. 1. 1 Engines l Early Cooper engine weighs 130 tons l Stephenson County Antique Engine Club, Freeport, IL, USA. The Florida Flywheelers Club near Ft. Meade (7000 Avon Park Cutoff Rd) has three shows a year; ~2/21 -2/24/2010 is one http: //www. ytmag. com/cgibin/showgd. cgi http: //www. floridaflywheelers. org/ http: //www. steamengine. com. au/steam/engines/cooper/index. html

8. 5. 1. 1. 1 Engines l The Florida Flywheelers Club near Ft. Meade (7000 Avon Park Cutoff Rd) has three shows a year; 2/25 -2/28/2009 is one l http: //www. ytmag. com/cgi-bin/showgd. cgi l http: //www. floridaflywheelers. org/ http: //www. steamengine. com. au/steam/engines/cooper/index. html

8. 5. 1. 2 Other Steam Uses l Indiana University plays this steam calliope at various events! l Shouldn’t Florida Tech have one, too? Or maybe a bandorgan to be different l This is direct from steam to sound l The range is typically about three miles on a quiet day l The original “Boom Car” 080128

8. 5. 2 Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustion TVA 050119

8. 5. 3 Heat Recovery Steam Generators (HRSG) l Hot turbine exhaust gases pass through the HRSG where water or steam is heated. l Steam heated above boiling is termed “superheated” and contains more energy u Acts like gas instead of vapor above critical point l This model contains several sections operating at various temperatures and flow rates 080123 Ref. Babcock-Hitachi HRSG http: //www. bhk. co. jp/english/product/prd_main. htm

8. 5. 4 Flue Gas Scrubbers (FGS) l This is really an anti-pollution control, but it’s so large that it should be seen to be appreciated l The gas is sprayed with limestone slurry to remove ~90% of the sulfur dioxide & HCl 050201 http: //www. tri-mer. com/RGBS/vertical_tower_packed_bed_scrubbers. jpg

8. 6. 1 Conventional Steam Turbines l These turbines contain many blades having a radius inversely proportional to the pressure l As the pressure falls, the radius must increase to get the same torque per section l Multiple sections are used to allow steam at different temperatures and pressures to all contribute to turning the shaft 050119

8. 6. 1 Turbine Types l Types: u Conventional steam boiler turbines u Aeroderivative (designed from aircraft engines) n Runs on natural gas, kerosene, or oil u Microturbines (for stand-alone power generation) n Runs on natural gas n Gives off heat for building n These may be the basis of a distributed power network n FSEC has installed one at Cocoa FL for evaluation ² Now removed, I believe 090203

8. 6. 2 Aeroderivative Turbines l Jet engine designs modified to drive a pump shaft were developed and used for the Alyeska Pipeline from Prudhoe Bay to Valdez, Alaska (3 on line and 1 spare) l Later design variants were produced to turn generators (GE shown below) http: //www. undergroundinfo. com/PGJ/pgj_archive/Oct 2000/oct-8. pdf 080123

8. 6. 3. 1 Combined Heat and Power (CHP) l This Hitachi Waste Heat Recovery Boiler has two separate loops for generating steam and reheating steam l The steam may also be used for industrial processes 080123

8. 6. 3. 2 Combined Heat, Power, and Chemicals l 080128 Syngas conversion can produce chemicals and other fuels. Hydrogen production is also possible.

8. 6. 3. 2 Cogeneration: Steam & Hot Water Distribution l Cogeneration systems are designed to wring more energy from the fuel source l The Carnot principle limits the work produced by an engine, but the rejected waste heat may be used elsewhere in a second cycle l Water jackets or additional piping can capture this heat for other uses 060127

8. 6. 4 Microturbines l Microturbines (Capstone) have efficiencies of ~80% l Heated water can power an absorption chiller l Merritt Square Mall originally had a combined heat and power unit (~1966; since removed) l FSEC (Florida Solar Energy Center) is installing/has installed a microturbine http: //www. microturbine. com/pdfs/Harbec%208. 5 x 11. pdf 090203

8. 7 Thermoelectric Conversion l Heat is converted to electricity by the Seebeck Effect www. profisica. cl l Electricity can be converted to heat by resistance l Electricity can be converted to cooling by the Peltier Effect http: //www. chipcenter. com/circuitcellar/december 99/cimages 1299/c 129 r 22 g 10. gif 080123 http: //www. thermotek. co. kr/technology/img/seebeck. gif

8. 7. 1 Conventional Thermopiles are made of dissimilar metals and generate low voltage, high-current, direct current l Voltage step-up (boost) convertors produce a more usable voltage at a lesser current Warm up your holidays without wasting energy. Our Woodstove Ecofan increases your stove's efficiency without drawing any electricity. The hotter your stove gets, the faster the fan blades twirl to provide ultimate comfort on chilly days. 030124 http: //www. realgoods. com/

8. 7. 2 Radioisotope Thermal Generators (RTG) Left: Extracting nuclear fuel from its transport container for insertion into the Radioisotope Thermal Generator (RTG). The RTG is at the astronaut's foot. http: //www. lpi. usra. edu/expm oon/Apollo 16/A 16_science. ht ml l RTGs (like SNAP-27) create electricity from the heat of radioactive decay of plutonium 238, having a half-life of 87 years l A thermopile converts heat to electricity with dissimilar metals or semiconductors 050201

8. 7. 3 Magnetohydrodynamics http: //hyperphysics. phy-astr. gsu. edu/hbase/magnetic/imgmag/mhd. gif l A conductive plasma of hot gas is sent through a magnetic field l The moving plasma acts like a moving wire, and electricity can be generated across plates on either side of the stream 090203

8. 8 A Shell Oil reminder 030128 http: //www. starrotor. com

8 Conclusion l Thermal energy conversion remains the predominant use of fuel l Since the fuels are still perceived as cheap, there isn’t much public clamor to change to renewables l Pollution effects are diffuse and overlooked by most people l As the price of conventional fuels increase and renewables decrease, a shift will occur l There must be a long period of overlap of the two technologies to permit development of renewable resources before conventional fuels become difficult to obtain at a reasonable price 050201

Olin Engineering Complex 4. 7 k. W Solar PV Roof Array Questions? 080116

References: Books l Brower, Michael. Cool Energy. Cambridge MA: The MIT Press, 1992. 0 -262 -02349 -0, TJ 807. 9. U 6 B 76, 333. 79’ 4’ 0973. l Duffie, John and William A. Beckman. Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes. NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. , 920 pp. , 1991 l Patel, Mukund R. Wind and Solar Power Systems. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1999, 351 pp. ISBN 0 -8493 -1605 -7, TK 1541. P 38 1999, 621. 31’ 2136 l Sørensen, Bent. Renewable Energy, Second Edition. San Diego: Academic Press, 2000, 911 pp. ISBN 0 -12 -656152 -4. 050201

References: Websites, etc. http: //www. alyeska-pipe. com/Pipeline. Facts/pipelineconstruction. html http: //www. rustyiron. com/engines/stable/ericsson. html hobbyist site http: //www. energy. rochester. edu/us/comdhlst. htm cogeneration http: //www. realgoods. com/ renewable energy consumer products http: //www. constellation. com/images/generation/plant_oleander. jpg Merchant Plant site: www. bramptontanzania. com clay stove for Africa to replace wood campfires http: //www. tri-mer. com/RGBS/vertical_tower_packed_bed_scrubbers. jpg FGS http: //hyperphysics. phy-astr. gsu. edu/hbase/magnetic/imgmag/mhd. gif magnetohydrodynamics http: //www. starrotor. com/indexflash. htm A Brayton cycle engine animated GIF http: //images. google. com/imgres? imgurl=http: //www. sheclabs. com/Solar. Concentrator/images/trailer_s mall. jpg&imgrefurl=http: //www. sheclabs. com/Solar. Concentrator. htm&h=284&w=21 3&sz=71&tbnid=FPn. Eje. S 6 K 4 o. J: &tbnh=109&tbnw=82&start=6&prev=/images%3 Fq%3 Dsolar%2 Bcon centrator%26 hl%3 Den%26 lr%3 D%26 safe%3 Dactive%26 rls%3 DGGLD, GGLD: 2004 -07, GGLD: en http: //www. photobiology. com/photoiupac 2000/bircan/Index. htm http: //www. aceee. org/consumerguide/hp. pdf http: //www. alyeska-pipe. com/default. asp _______________________________ mailto: energyresources@egroups. com www. dieoff. org. Site devoted to the decline of energy and effects upon population www. ferc. gov/ Federal Energy Regulatory Commission www. google. com/search? q=%22 renewable+energy+course%22 solstice. crest. org/ dataweb. usbr. gov/html/powerplant_selection. html 060127

Slide stockpile follows! Older slides follow this one. Look at these if you have interest or time. It’s difficult to decide what to leave out of the lecture to save time!

8. 6. 2. 1 Oleander Power Plant, Cocoa FL l Owned by Southern Power Co. l $206 M, 680 MWe, selling contracts to Seminole Electric Cooperative, Inc. and FPL l 4. 2 M lb pollutants per year l Uses 73 M gallons deionized water per year l Water spray cools inlet air to get more power l Burns NG at least 2/3 of the time; low sulfur #2 diesel oil at other times (primarily for backup) l Connected to the Florida Gas Transmission Line l Close to natural gas pipeline l Turbines produce power within 30 minutes of starting 060127

8. 6. 2. 1. 1 Plant is compactly placed l Located northeast of I -95 and FL 520 l Four turbines with space for one more l Oil is used as backup to natural gas from a major pipeline 050201 http: //www. constellation. com/images/generation/plant_oleander. jpg Had siting controversy with local public