7 th International Battery Expo Recycling Conference IBRX
7 th International Battery Expo & Recycling Conference IBRX India - 2015 3 -5 March 2015, Goa, India Hybrid electric vehicles and batteries for this application Prof. Detchko Pavlov, DSc. Lead Acid Batteries Department - LABD Institute of Electrochemistry and Energy Systems – IEES Bulgarian Academy of Sciences – BAS, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
For the last 10 years a serious problem arose with the increase of the number of vehicles with combustion engines on the roads. The CO 2 concentration has increased dramatically to hazardous levels, causing health problems to the citizens of the cities and climate changes. - The alternative is the electric vehicle but it does not meet, yet, the requirements of the transport sector for its insufficient energy resource. - The compromise is the hybrid electric vehicle, which is powered by an internal combustion engine and a battery-operated electric motor. 7 th International Battery Expo & Recycling Conference, IBRX India – 2015, 3 -5 March 2015, Goa, India 2
Hybrid Electric Vehicles Combustion engine + Battery Technologies to reduce organic fuel consumption for car driving 1 Regenerative braking 2 Electromotor to drive the wheels 3 Start-stop technology 4 Optimization of the internal combustion engine for fuel efficiency and clean burning 7 th International Battery Expo & Recycling Conference, IBRX India – 2015, 3 -5 March 2015, Goa, India 3
Types of hybrid electric vehicles Micro hybrids Mild hybrids Full hybrids Plug-in HEVs 7 th International Battery Expo & Recycling Conference, IBRX India – 2015, 3 -5 March 2015, Goa, India 4
Energy and power demands on batteries for various types of HEVs U. Köhler, Encyclopedia of Electrochemical Power Sources, Vol. 1 (2009) p. 271 7 th International Battery Expo & Recycling Conference, IBRX India – 2015, 3 -5 March 2015, Goa, India 5
Plug-in hybrid vehicles • They are supplied with energy from the external electric grid • Delivery vans that can be recharged periodically during their daily driving route • Mid-class vehicles with weight of 1 ton consume around 200 Wh/km • Run in all-electric mode from 20 to 30 miles 7 th International Battery Expo & Recycling Conference, IBRX India – 2015, 3 -5 March 2015, Goa, India 6
Full hybrid vehicles Series Hybrid Vehicles The internal Battery combustion engine supplies energy to the electric Inverter generator. It transfers the energy to the electric Motor Engine Transmission motor which drives the wheels. 7 th International Battery Expo & Recycling Conference, IBRX India – 2015, 3 -5 March 2015, Goa, India 7
Full hybrid vehicles Parallel Hybrid Vehicles The internal Battery combustion engine and the battery Inverter supply energy to the electric motor which Motor Engine turns the wheels. Transmission The two types of full hybrid vehicles have an energy content of 1. 5 to 2. 0 k. Wh. They operate at 200 V. The reduction of fuel consumption is up to 40% as compared to conventional automobiles. 7 th International Battery Expo & Recycling Conference, IBRX India – 2015, 3 -5 March 2015, Goa, India 8
Mild hybrid electric vehicles • Mild hybrids have a battery and a helper electric motor operating when the main combustion engine has not sufficient power • The battery and the electric motor are not powerful enough to propel the car alone • The battery supplies energy to the start-stop system • The electric drive system operates at voltages between 100 and 200 V • Fuel saving of mild hybrid vehicles is in the range of 15 -20% 7 th International Battery Expo & Recycling Conference, IBRX India – 2015, 3 -5 March 2015, Goa, India 9
Micro hybrid vehicles • The battery supplies energy to the start-stop system • There is no electric motor to drive the wheels • Voltage 12 - 14 V • Energy content 0. 5 to 1. 0 k. Wh • Fuel saving of micro hybrid vehicles is 8% 7 th International Battery Expo & Recycling Conference, IBRX India – 2015, 3 -5 March 2015, Goa, India 10
HEV battery requirements 1. High specific energy 2. High specific power 3. High energy efficiency – ratio of dischargeable energy to charged energy 4. Safe and long cycle life l 5. Cheap battery and cost-effective battery operation 6. Fast charging of battery 7. Thermal stability 8. Environmentally friendly 9. Ability to discharge fully the battery without risk of short-circuiting and damaging 10. The battery should be fully recyclable 7 th International Battery Expo & Recycling Conference, IBRX India – 2015, 3 -5 March 2015, Goa, India 11
Battery systems for hybrid electric vehicles 1. Lead-carbon batteries: 2 V per cell 2. Nickel-alkaline batteries: • Ni-MH (1. 2 V per cell) • Ni-Cd (1. 2 V per cell) • Ni-Zn (1. 6 V per cell) 3. Lithium-ion battery: 3. 6 V per cell The above battery types are available in various designs and materials 7 th International Battery Expo & Recycling Conference, IBRX India – 2015, 3 -5 March 2015, Goa, India 12
Specific energy versus specific power plot for different electrochemical systems Li-ion batteries have the highest electrochemical parameters U. Köhler, Encyclopedia of Electrochemical Power Sources, Vol. 1 (2009) p. 284 7 th International Battery Expo & Recycling Conference, IBRX India – 2015, 3 -5 March 2015, Goa, India 13
Three electrochemical systems for HEV application Atomic weights: Li – 7 Ni – 59 Pb - 207 (103) The number of the electrons that produce 1 k. Wh electric energy is equal for the three electrochemical systems. • Li is highly reactive • Ni is expensive and used for corrosion resistant alloys and covers • Pb is heavy but very cheap. Pb is used mainly for LAB production. 7 th International Battery Expo & Recycling Conference, IBRX India – 2015, 3 -5 March 2015, Goa, India 14
Application of Ni and Li battery systems for hybrid electric vehicles • Alkaline Ni-MH batteries have been proven over years of service in full and mild hybrid electric vehicles • Electric vehicles have an average range of about 60 miles available from a single charge of Li-ion batteries. These batteries are temperature dependent under cold-weather conditions. 7 th International Battery Expo & Recycling Conference, IBRX India – 2015, 3 -5 March 2015, Goa, India 15
Application of lead-acid batteries for hybrid electric vehicles • Batteries in HEV duties are subjected to short charge and discharge pulses with strong currents. The negative plates of LAB can not accept high rate charge at these conditions. • Batteries in HEV operate between 50% and 80% So. C, i. e. in undercharged state. Under these conditions negative plates get progressively sulfated. The life of the batteries is shortened. • Conventional LABs are unsuitable for HEV applications. New technology for negative plates production was created 7 th International Battery Expo & Recycling Conference, IBRX India – 2015, 3 -5 March 2015, Goa, India 16
Novel lead-carbon cell designs 0. 2 -5. 0% C in negative electrode Pb. O 2 Pb-C ALABC Pb-C electrode 50% C + 50% Pb negative electrode Pb. O 2 Pb C CSIRO - Furukawa Battery Co. Ultra. Battery technology 100% C negative electrode Pb. O 2 C Axion Power International, Inc. Pb. C® Technology Lead carbon batteries are now used in micro hybrid vehicles with startstop and regenerative braking systems 7 th International Battery Expo & Recycling Conference, IBRX India – 2015, 3 -5 March 2015, Goa, India 17
Challenges for LABs to find their way to mild and full hybrids 1. Part of non-active lead materials should be replaced with lightweight materials to increase LAB specific energy and power. Furukawa’s Ultra. Battery® is an example of such design. 2. New effective additives should be found to increase the LAB active mass utilization 3. Negative plate sulfation and positive plate corrosion should be suppressed to prolong battery cycle life 7 th International Battery Expo & Recycling Conference, IBRX India – 2015, 3 -5 March 2015, Goa, India 18
Conclusions • In order to reduce the emissions of CO 2 from the internal combustion engines hybrid electric vehicles have been created powered by an internal combustion engine and a battery-operated electric motor. • Four types of hybrid electric vehicles were developed: micro, mild, full and plug-in hybrids. • Three battery chemistries are used for HEV applications: Ni-alkaline, Li-ion and lead-carbon batteries. • Lead-Carbon batteries are used mostly for micro hybrid electric vehicles with start-stop and regenerative breaking systems. 7 th International Battery Expo & Recycling Conference, IBRX India – 2015, 3 -5 March 2015, Goa, India 19
Thank you for your attention ! 7 th International Battery Expo & Recycling Conference, IBRX India – 2015, 3 -5 March 2015, Goa, India 20
7 th International Battery Expo & Recycling Conference, IBRX India – 2015, 3 -5 March 2015, Goa, India 21
Development of technology for manufacture of lead-acid batteries for HEV A) Improvement of charge acceptance by introduction of carbon in the negative plates B) Suppression of negative plate sulfation by addition of carbon or some polymer inhibitors to the negative active mass The major problems of HEV lead-acid batteries have been resolved to a great extend 7 th International Battery Expo & Recycling Conference, IBRX India – 2015, 3 -5 March 2015, Goa, India 22
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