7 R MIDTERM REVIEW Primary Source Historical Documents

7 R MIDTERM REVIEW

Primary Source • Historical Documents, written accounts by a firsthand witness, or object that has survived from the past

Five Themes of Geography • Movement- the movement of people , ideas, goods, and physical forces • Region- an area that has one or more features that make it different from surrounding areas • Location- Where is it? Exact location and relative location • Interaction-interaction with the environment • Place- the things that make a place unique, weather, plants , animals, history

1. What are lines of latitude? A. Lines that run parallel B. Measure the distance North and South of the Equator in degrees º C. Equator-imaginary line that circles the globe halfway between North and South Pole 0º Latitude D. 90ºN-North Pole, 90 º S-South Pole

2. What are lines of longitude? A. Called Meridians B. Pass through poles, measure distance East and West of Prime Meridian C. Prime Meridian-imaginary lines that represent 0º Longitude D. Meridians West of Prime Meridian to 180 º labeled West, East of the Prime Meridian to 180º labeled East E. Prime Meridian and Equator divide the world into hemispheres

Culture • The common values and traditions of a society, such as language, government, family, and food

Land Bridge Theory • Ice Age-long periods of cold climate • B. Last Ice Age-18, 000 years ago • C. Buildup of glaciers-ocean levels to drop 400 feet • D. Underwater lands exposed • E. Bering Straits-separates Alaska from Siberia-as result from drop in sea level-land bridge appeared

Geography • Is the study of the worlds people and places

Archaeology • Archaeology is the scientific study of past cultures and the way people lived based on the things they left behind

Economics • The study of how people use their resources

8 Physical Regions Hawaiian Islands-far out in Pacific, tops of volcano • Coastal Plains- Between Atlantic Ocean and Appalachian Mts, wet, good for farming • Intermountain Range- West, between Rockies and Sierra Nevada Mtns, High plateaus • • Deserts-dry and hot

Physical Regions • • • • Sierra Nevadas Mountain range that lies inland from the Pacific Coast Rocky Mountains Mountain range in western North America. Stretch 3, 000 miles Many peaks reach above timberline, with snowcapped rock, windwhipped tundra, and thin air Interior Plains Broad expanse of flat grassland east of Rocky Mountains Soil is fertile, flatness makes it easier to farm. Good grazing for livestock. Appalachian Mountains Mountain range that runs along the Eastern U. S. from NY to GA Mostly low and gentle. Covered in deep, thick, dense forest. Pacific Coast Area of flat, low-lying land adjacent to a seacoast, separated from the interior by other features.

Mestizos • People of Indian and Spanish Heritage

Peninsula • An area of land surrounded on 3 sides by water • Example: Florida

Effects of European Exploration • Effect-spread of Disease • Result- Millions of Native populations died from smallpox. Over 90% of Native populations destroyed

Crusades • Made Europeans aware of the riches of the East • Increased trade between Western Europe and Eastern Mediterranean countries • After- dominated by Muslims

The Renaissance • Encourage people to think about the world • Desire for Knowledge • Desire to learn about the world • Commercial Revolution • The Printing Press helps spread new ideas Hmmm, I wonder

Columbus: The Facts “In 1492, Columbus sailed the ocean blue” ü Columbus, who sailed for King Ferdinand Queen Isabella of Spain, was looking for a route to the East by sailing west

The Columbian Exchange • The worldwide exchange of goods and ideas that transformed peoples lives around the globe. Included resources, plants, animals and technology. The exchange went in both directions between the Old World(Europe, Africa) and the New World (Americas)

Dutch and New Netherlands • Dutch founded New Netherland in 1613 • Peter Stuyvesant was Governor • 1664 English capture the undefended colony and Stuyvesant surrenders without a shot

JAMESTOWN • Founded in 1606 and named a royal colony in 1624 • Legislature formed called the House of Burgesses • Given a representative in Parliament • Grew quickly and class structure formed • Tobacco growing flourished

• House of Burgesses- the first colonial assembly in the colonies • Members selected by the people • Representative Assembly- is a political institution in which a number of persons are voted in to representing the people

Mercantilism • A colony provides raw materials to the mother country to be manufactured into some consumer products • The colony exists to benefit the mother country

Middle Passage • The voyage across the Atlantic that enslaved Africans were forced to endure

• Mayflower Compact- Document establishing guideline to self government, written by Pilgrims

Pennsylvania and William Penn • A. William Penn-leader of Quakers • B. Quakers refused to support Church of England, pay taxes, or serve in the army • C. King Charles II owed Penn’s father money and gave Penn land in North America

John Peter Zenger • New York printer arrested for writing articles • Was charged and put on trial for articles he wrote • Strengthened Freedom of the Press

Indentured Servants • People who came to the colonies in exchange for passage and work • Usually for terms of 5 to 7 years

Cash Crops • Crops old for money • Examples: Tobacco • • • Indigo Rice Cotton

Georgia • Established in 1713 • Founded by Gen. James Oglethorpe as a buffer between the British and Spanish (in Florida) • Also used as a debtor’s colony (criminals and convicts from GBR)

Albany Plan Of Union • Ben Franklins Plan to unite the colonies during the French and Indian War

Join, or Die Political Cartoon by Benjamin Franklin A political cartoon calling for American colonies to band together for protection against Indians and the French. First published in the Pennsylvania Gazette on May 9, 1754.

French and Indian War • A. Ohio River Valley-lush and fertile • B. Both Britain and France claimed the land • C. 1753 -French troops built forts in the valley • D. Virginia Governor sent George Washington to tell the French to leave, but they didn’t

Navigation Acts • Set of laws that controlled trade between England the colonies

Thomas Paine and Common Sense • Colonists were greatly influenced by the 1776 publication of the pamphlet Common Sense by Thomas Paine. • He wrote that it is ridiculous for the American colonies occupying a great continent, to be ruled by a tiny island like Britain.

Declaration Of Independence • A. People have the right to “Life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. ” • B. Governments receive their power from the people (social contract). • C. When the government does not protect those rights, it is the right of the people to alter or abolish it.

Definition Triangular Trade: Trade routes between Africa, Europe and the Americas during the Atlantic Slave Trade.